ANALISIS SPASIAL FUNGSI EKOLOGI RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU DI KOTA CIBINONG

Green open space has a function to reduce the level of carbondioxide in the air. Carbondioxide levels are generally increased due to an increase in motor vehicle exhaust gas emissions and land use changes, such as changes in open land into industrial, or agricultural land turned into housing, etc.Cibinong City in this decade had increased levels of carbondioxide caused by the developmnet of a growing city. Research purposes are (1) analyze changes of green open space and its impact on the ability to absorb carbondioxide, (2) analyze the amount of carbondioxide produced by motor vehicle exhaust gas emissions for each road segment and provide direction spatially green open space. In this decade (from 2000 to 2010), Changes of unbuilt land to built land increased from 2.268,88 Ha (35,78 %) to3.558,22 Ha (56,12 %), however, absorption of the green open spaces of the carbondioxide increases. Whereas, Carbondioxide emission strength on larger road on the Raya Bogor (City Center) 498 gr/detik which has the function of arterial roads with the task of helping regional movement. The most amount of carbondioxide emissions generated by personal vehicles, motorcycles, and ligth public trasportation, while trucks and buses do not contribute. When the carbondioxide emission strength map is overlayed with the land use map then we have the conclusion that the roads that have a high volume of vehicle movement will have a high carbondioxide levels, but not mean low air quality because it depends on the existence of protective trees as green belt. Keywords: green open spaces, carbondioxide emission levels, landuse changes

Semarang City is one of the cities with the most dense population in Indonesia. The increase in the population of Semarang City causes land conversion which has an impact on increasing heat and can cause environmental problems. The results of the random classification of forests for land use in 2013-2022 are dominated by the built-up land class. Use of built-up land continues to increase from 2013-2022 by 8.84% or an area of 3410 ha. This causes a reduction in green open space by 7.59% or an area of 2928.49 Ha and is still sufficient by 30%. In the predicted use of land in 2032, the dominance of the built-up land class is 61% (23,575 ha). The availability of green open space (RTH) in Semarang City continues to decline from 2013-2032 by 9%. Where in 2032 the availability of green open space will be 29.62% or less than 30%. The relationship between green open space and comfort levels influences each other, where a reduction in green open space causes an increase in comfort levels. Directions need to be made for developing green open spaces consisting of priority 1 areas, namely adding green open spaces in each sub-district, maintaining existing green open spaces, and creating roof gardens and vertical gardens to reduce temperatures in densely populated areas. Meanwhile, priority area 2 is maintaining existing green open space in the form of urban forests and plantation areas.

Rapid population growth and limited land availability have resulted in a decline in environmental space utilization, including green open spaces, which are crucial for oxygen production and supporting biodiversity. Land conversion driven by increased land demand exacerbates this issue. This research focuses on two main problems: the adherence of the Salatiga City Local Government in Indonesia to the minimum area requirement for green open spaces mandated by Law No. 26 of 2007, and the forms and utilization of green open spaces within the city. This research reveals deficiencies and obstacles in implementing the policy, leading to a failure in meeting the minimum area target. Factors such as idealistic policy pursuit, delegation of authority issues, and excessive emphasis on perfection rather than practical relevance contribute to these challenges. The Salatiga City Regional Spatial Plan, outlined in Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2011, designates green open spaces as protected areas, encompassing city parks, cemeteries, urban forests, border rivers, and green belts. However, obstacles arise from small area sizes, incorrect initial land use practices, and inadequate resolution of land ownership issues. Despite these challenges, the City of Salatiga has partially maintained the functionality of these spaces, prioritizing their overarching purpose over specific land use. In conclusion, this research highlights the shortcomings in implementing Green Open Space policies in Salatiga. It emphasizes the importance of addressing land-related issues and ensuring proper management of green spaces. Resolving these challenges is crucial for enhancing environmental sustainability and benefiting both the community and the environment.

The development of an urban area needs to pay attention to the environmental carrying capacity. One of the way to achieve sustainable urban development is to apply one of the attributes of green city namely green open space (GOS). The purpose of the research are to analyze the types of land use in the years of 2010 and 2017, to analysis land use changes from 2010 to 2017, predicting land use change, analyzing the adequacy of GOS by area acreage and population number, and to determine the direction of GOS development in the Jember City.The research was conducted in the Capital of Jember Regency, namely Jember City with the total area of 9,900 ha. Methods of data analysis are the spatial analysis, analysis of population growth with quadratic growth model, Cellular Automata-Markov, and synthesis of green open space (GOS) development direction based on potential land and the value of the land. The results showed that there are ten types of land use in the Jember City, those are forest, mixed gardens, dryland agriculture, open land, cemetery, plantation, settlements and buildings, paddy fields, shrubs and grasses, and river. A relatively large land use changed in the period of 2010-2017 were dryland agriculture and paddy fields into settlements and buildings. The results of land use prediction with Cellular Automata-Markov described the trend of land use change becomes settlements (buildings) and plantations. The adequacy of public GOS by area as well as population still lacking whereas the adequacy of private GOS has been exceeded. The GOS acreage based on number of population is lower than those GOS based on an area. The GOS development planning is required to fulfill the needs. The consideration used to draw up the directives is the existing land use, regional spatial plan (RTRW), prediction of land use in the year of 2024, distribution of GOS, and land values. Development plans of GOS consist of two stages namely stage 1 and stage 2 with three priorities, namely priority 1, priority 2, and priority 3 with the total area 1,052 ha and funding require approximately two trillion rupiahs. The acreage of potential land for development of GOS has already enough to fulfill the needs of GOS based on population, however, not yet sufficient to fulfill the needs of GOS based on regency area.

The quality of the urban environment which continues to decline along with the development of the City means that Green Open Space should not only be considered as a complement to the City. To determine how effective green open space is at determining the comfort of the environment for visitors, the ability of green open space to adjust the microclimate and reduce noise is required. The goal of this study was to find out how different levels of thermal and visual comfort were in different green open spaces in Palopo City. This study took place in Palopo, in the South Sulawesi region. The goal of this study is to look at the level of thermal comfort in Palopo City's five green open spaces, as well as people's impressions of thermal and visual comfort. The results showed that the Thermal and Visual comfort in the five locations of the Green Open Space (RTH) were categorized as uncomfortable because they exceeded the standard comfort criteria, namely temperature >27oC. The results of interviews with visitors' perceptions of Thermal comfort in five green open spaces that were categorized as moderate, visitors assessed that the green open space in these locations was not yet able to provide freshness related to temperature for urban areas due to the lack of vegetated areas. Respondents perceptions of visual comfort in five green open spaces with moderate categories, namely Lapangan Pancasila, Lapangan Gaspa, dan Taman Baca. Meanwhile, the other two green open spaces are categorized as high, namely Lapangan Pancasila dan Taman I Love Palopo. The interpretation of the five green open spaces was categorized as medium & high with the respondents' perceptions both in terms of the architectural form of supporting buildings at each green open space location, existing facilities in green open space, cleanliness in each green open space that was maintained, and tree types that affected the beauty of five green open spaces were considered positively by visitors.The quality of the urban environment which continues to decline along with the development of the City means that Green Open Space should not only be considered as a complement to the City. To determine how effective green open space is at determining the comfort of the environment for visitors, the ability of green open space to adjust the microclimate and reduce noise is required. The goal of this study was to find out how different levels of thermal and visual comfort were in different green open spaces in Palopo City. This study took place in Palopo, in the South Sulawesi region. The goal of this study is to look at the level of thermal comfort in Palopo City's five green open spaces, as well as people's impressions of thermal and visual comfort. The results showed that the Thermal and Visual comfort in the five locations of the Green Open Space (RTH) were categorized as uncomfortable because they exceeded the standard comfort criteria, namely temperature >27oC. The results of interviews with visitors' perceptions of Thermal comfort in five green open spaces that were categorized as moderate, visitors assessed that the green open space in these locations was not yet able to provide freshness related to temperature for urban areas due to the lack of vegetated areas. Respondents perceptions of visual comfort in five green open spaces with moderate categories, namely Lapangan Pancasila, Lapangan Gaspa, dan Taman Baca. Meanwhile, the other two green open spaces are categorized as high, namely Lapangan Pancasila dan Taman I Love Palopo. The interpretation of the five green open spaces was categorized as medium & high with the respondents' perceptions both in terms of the architectural form of supporting buildings at each green open space location, existing facilities in green open space, cleanliness in each green open space that was maintained, and tree types that affected the beauty of five green open spaces were considered positively by visitors.

Green open space in cities is one of the environmental controls. In residential spatial planning, green open space is very necessary in the form of green belts and passive or active parks. Sustainable development must be supported by adequate residential green space, which must fulfill the function of absorbing CO2, increasing the volume of groundwater and being useful as a flood controller. The availability of green open space for the community can increase the aesthetic value of a city’s environmental area and can function as an economic value [9]. This research aims to determine the extent of green open space in Sragen City. From this research, we can analyze the development and need for green open space in Sragen City to study and develop a green city and a balanced environment. This research is aimed at understanding the area of green open space in Sragen City. From this research, we can analyze the development and need for green open space in Sragen City to study and develop a green city and a balanced environment. Sufficiency of green open spaces Needs Based on Area and City Area Sragen City’s green open spaces do not meet the minimum requirement of 30%. Of the green open space, the city forest managed by environmental services is included in it with an area of 2,500 m2. However, Sragen City’s green open space looks large because it includes moorlands, residential forests, state forests, and ponds. Meanwhile, 130.17 Ha is land managed by the Sragen City Regency Government. This research uses primary and secondary methods. To obtain a map of the green open space area of the research area, Quickbird image analysis is required. From the results of the research, it was concluded that the management and efforts to provide sufficient green open space were adequate, but in terms of area, the proportion of green open space that was determined was still not sufficient. There are seven types of green open space in Sragen City, namely in the form of urban forest green open space, green lane green open space for roads, pedestrian, open space, river border green open space, cemetery green open space, private and community property building green open space, as well as plantation and resident’s yard green open space.

Identification and model on green open space as evacuation area of earthquake at Sanur, South Denpasar, Bali. Bali Island is one of Indonesia's seismotectonics as it is passed through the Mediterranean mountain range and the subduction zone between the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. The southern area of Bali is vulnerable to earthquake and one of the most vulnerable to the earthquake is Sanur. Sanur area has an area of 10,57 km² or 1.057 hectares with a population of 28.527 inhabitants. Therefore, earthquake mitigation such as physical mitigation is to utilize green open space as an evacuation area is considered to be important. The purpose of this research is to identify the suitability of green open space as an evacuation area and to determine the green evacuation open space concept model. This research used satellite image interpretation and field survey methode. The data used is data of the earthquake center point throughout in Sanur along with potential tsunami risk map, green open space map and accessibility map. The parameters used were green open space width of at least 500 m², types of green open space, accessibility, and potential earthquake and tsunami. Result showed that the green open space which suitable as an evacuation area was about 292 hectar and not suitable is 93 hectar. Furtheremore, the suitable green open space evacuation map was generated into two evacuation space concept. There were micro evacuation space and macro evacuation space. The micro evacuation space focuses on individual rescue while the macro evacuation space focuses on mass rescue.

PurposeThis paper aims to work toward a new approach in providing green open spaces in the middle of urban land in Indonesia that has been densely built up and on it has attached land rights. An approach is needed through a specific spatial policy that contains zoning regulations for the provision of public green open spaces on top of residential houses built on the green zoning plans.Design/methodology/approachThis approach considers an interconnected ecological holistic approach, as previously existing regulations have not normatively identified the green open space as an ecological landscape consisting of blue open spaces and several objects that function as green open spaces.FindingsIndonesia in terms of green open space for local climate instrument is still identified as one of the three lowest countries in Southeast Asia in the number of green open space areas. We found that the regulating process of development rights and property rights, in the construction of Indonesian law, still requires many alternative efforts to this day in providing urban green open spaces. The delivery of desired outcomes depends on the alternative policy as a form of legal politics in compensating planning and community interests through developing green open spaces in an ecoregion approach.Originality/valueThis writing was shaped by the understandings of the author with regards to the development of urban green open space regulating issues in Indonesia as one of the emerging country group in Asia and Jakarta as the second-most populous urban area in the world. This paper aims to work toward providing green urban open spaces in Indonesia that has been densely built up and on it has attached land rights, through a specific spatial policy that contains zoning regulations for the provision of public green open spaces on top of residential houses built on the green zoning plans.

The earthquake that occurred in Banda Aceh on December 26, 2004, followed by the tsunami along the coastline of the Indian Ocean caused a huge number of casualties and infrastructure destruction including green open space. This article presents the change of Banda Aceh green open space before and after the tsunami, the requirement of Banda Aceh green open space based on vast territory and population, and the development direction of Banda Aceh green open space. The applied method was image interpretation, and classification, analysis of green open space requirement was calculated based on vast territory in accordance with Act No. 26/2007, based on population with green open space requirement standard per capita as in PERMENPU No. 5/PRT/M/2008. Green City Development Program (P2KH) concept which was applied to arrange the development direction of Banda Aceh green open space, and integrated with the land use plan in RTRW of Banda Aceh. The result of green open space wide before and after tsunami analysis showed that even before the tsunami, Banda Aceh green open space still far from sufficient as required of spatial planning constitution (13,92 % of the city area). Right after the tsunami, Banda Aceh green open space was reduced to only remaining about 9,31 % of the city area. Five years later (2010) Banda Aceh green open space was increased to 12,83 % of the city area, and by the year of 2015 Banda Aceh has green open space about 37,51 % of the city area. The requirement of Banda Aceh green open space based on the vast territory is 1.227,18 ha public green open space, and 613,59 ha private green open space, based on total population predicted by 2029 is 687,89 ha. The development direction of Banda Aceh green open space is intensification by increasing the quality of existing green open space and extensification by the acquisition of private land for green open space.

Tangerang City is one of the cities in the Tangerang region which is known as a city of a thousand parks with various types and functions. Tangerang City is consists of 13 sub-districts, one of them is Tangerang SubDistrict that has an area of 17,45 km² based on land use Tangerang Sub-District is has a more diverse and wider green open space and as an ecologically is.complete for all aspect in landscape structure compared to other sub-districts. Landscape structure is an arrangement of landscape elements consisting of green open spaces in form of corridors as the green belt along the river, the green belt along the railroad, matrix as soccer field, network as the green belt along the way, and patches as road island (Godron, 1963: 83). Although as an ecologically is complete.compared to other sub-districts, however, the Spatial Planning requires 30% and the area is green open space. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate the existence of green open space, evaluation is done as an effort to achieve the goal of forming a system of green open space as an effort to increase the percentage of green open space to 30% of the total area. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach, while the qualitative stage is to evaluate the fulfillment of the criteria and each of the mapped green open spaces. Data collection is done by survey methods in the form of observations, questionnaires and interviews, whereas to do data analysis using the assessment method, which is often done to evaluate the existence of green open space (Besari, 2014).

The city of Yogyakarta faces the problem of urbanization, an increase in population, economic activity and changes in land use. Settlements and water are basic needs that must be fulfilled. Transfer of land functions into settlements will reduce water catchment areas and trigger floods and droughts. This study aims to analyze the balance between the availability and needs of green open space in supporting the reliability of water supply in the city of Yogyakarta. The method used in this study is the analysis of the reliability of water resources which is calculated based on the adequacy of green open space and population. The results showed that the total green open space of the city of Yogyakarta is 301.76 ha or 9.28% of the total area of 3,250 ha. The existing population is 413,705 people with water demands of 26.890.830,98 m3/year, existing water supply is 16.847.178 m3/year, and groundwater potential is 9.000.000 m3/year, so there is still a water shortage of 1.043.653 m3/year. To overcome the shortage of water, based on the population and water demands of the city of Yogyakarta requires a green open space of 287,17 ha or 8,84%. The strategy for developing green open spaces in Yogyakarta is focused on improving the quality of existing green open spaces, as well as developing public green open spaces and green lines. In addition, rainwater harvesting techniques as an alternative to raw water through reservoirs for direct use and absorption of rainwater to the ground as groundwater conservation.

Declining quality and open public spaces, consisting of green open spaces and non-green open spaces, have improved environmental quality such as frequent flooding, increased air, and social crime and increasing social societies increasing the pressure of limited space available for social communities. Green Open Space of Rantau Baru in Rantau City is owned by Tapin Regency located in the center of Rantau City. Having facilities in the form of an artificial lake as a zone that is the main attraction of visitors is equipped with facilities, infrastructure, and urban facilities. The purpose of writing this particular problem is to find out the function and role of the existence of the New Overseas Green Space for the community. This research was written based on literature review and secondary data related to the existence of a new Green Rantau Open Space, both from identification surveys, RTBL, reports, books and other scientific articles. Rantau Baru Green Open Space can provide benefits for the sustainability of ecological and social functions for urban communities. Development of the Rantau Baru Green Open Space as a green open space in urban areas. Many benefits can be felt by the community with the existence of the New Rantau Green Open Space, among others as a place for plant conservation, environmental education, sports and as a recreational destination with family.

Climate change caused by various factors of environmental damage is a phenomenon that occurs in all aspects of human life on this earth. Especially urban areas, which has become the center of civilization and the economy has suffered severe environmental damage.Green open space is a space that can be covered with trees or other plants, which, although narrow, but may help in reducing the effects, of environmental degradation. Studies on the content of biomass and carbon stored in the green open space is very important to determine the ability of green open space to absorb carbon. This research involves various sectors that cause carbon emissions in Kendari the capital city of Southeast Sulawesi Province in Indonesia, namely from the transport sector, industry and trade, education and office and residential activities. This research was conducted in three areas, namely business district, offices and settlements. The availability of green open space based on the calculation of the absorption of CO 2 and produce O 2 as well as the calculation of the availability of the number of trees to produce O 2 and absorb CO 2. The needs of green open space is calculated based on the needs of oxygen in humans and vehicles, carbon emissions in humans, vehicles, and household electronic equipment and green open space broad needs and the number of trees to absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen in the business district, offices and settlements. The results showed that the availability of green space based on oxygen consumption in the business district should have a green open space covering 61% of the total area, the settlement area must have a comprehensive RTH minimum of 15.3% of the area of the region, which means a minimum area of RTH not eligible based on oxygen demand, while for an office area, the existing green open space area is 53.16% that an area has exceeded the minimum requirement of extensive green open space based on the need for oxygen. It is relevant to a comparison of emissions and carbon deposits in the three regions, namely the business area amounted to 0.2189 tons of carbon savings with the amount of emissions to 3.5 tons per day, the settlement area total carbon storage is 62.545 producing an emission of 10.6 tons per day, while the office area produces carbon deposits is amounted to 5,464.93 tons per day by the number of emissions of 34.3 tons per day.

The Procurement of Public Green Open Space (RTH) in DKI Jakarta Province is carried out by the DKI Jakarta Forestry Service based on the land status of the BPN. The procurement of green open space is passive based on requests from the community. The DKI Jakarta Forestry Service data shows West Jakarta's public green open space has only fulfilled 8.8%. This study aims to assist stakeholders in the procurement of green open space in terms of ease of procurement. The ease aspect is compiled from land-use parameters, BPN land status, spatial pattern zoning, SIPPT, RTH Assets, and raw rice fields. The analysis results show that many areas included in the green zoning in West Jakarta have turned the function of land into built-up land, making it difficult for the local government to acquire land. This research found alternative lands with existing non-built land use conditions and clear land status and potential spatial pattern zoning targeted as green open space land acquisition targets. The analysis results show that from 4071 plots of land, there are 784 plots of land that are very potential with 179 ha. For potential land, there are 3234 plots of land with an area of 301 Ha and 53 plots of land classified as standard with an area of 2.4 Ha. Land with great potential can be used as a procurement priority for the relevant local government in the procurement of green open space in terms of the ease of procurement aspect.Keywords: Green Open Space, GIS, Green Open Space Potential

The need for land for urban development has an impact on changes in land use and the availability of green open spaces in urban areas. The increase in population from outside the area to urban areas will make the land in urban areas narrower and trigger a reduction in green open space. This study aims to determine the level of availability of green open space in the city of South Tangerang. The approach used in this research is a quantitative descriptive approach, namely field observation and field check, the research object of all green open spaces in the city of South Tangerang and data analysis using a geographic application system (GIS). The results showed that the change in green open space during the period 2010 to 2020 in the city of South Tangerang was 1,847 ha. The area of ??green open space available in South Tangerang City in 2020 based on the area is 4,224 ha. The area requirement for green open space required in South Tangerang City based on the area is 4,945 ha. The city of South Tangerang is still experiencing a lack of green open space of 721 ha.