Anaerobic Digestion.

There are special requirements for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment caused by lower oxygen content and atmospheric pressure on the Altiplano. The intention of this paper was to analyse the applicability of various technologies to MSW treatment in the Altiplano and select the best one based on the current MSW collection modes and technical levels, using the Fuzzy Mathematical Decision Method (FMDM). Technologies including landfill, incineration, composting, and anaerobic digestion (AD) were compared. The results of the studies showed that AD technology is a new technology which is attractive in economic terms and helpful for environmental harmony. AD can solve the difficulties caused by a high content of organic matter in the MSW, lower atmospheric pressure and oxygen content on the Altiplano. Moreover, it can achieve reduction and recycling of the waste, thereby saving space for treatment and disposal. Using this technology, renewable energy can be recovered to save conventional fuel consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases can be reduced to improve the conservation of the local ecosystem. Putting AD into practice in the Altiplano may be the preferred method of MSW treatment.

The incineration treatment of municipal solid waste is widely used, but gas-phase hydrogen chloride (HCl) generated during the incineration seriously threatens the heating surface of boiler tail, and even causes serious harm to environment. Through incineration experiments, this paper found that many factors (temperature, oxygen concentration, residence time and moisture content) affect the HCl emission characteristics in the process of municipal solid waste incineration treatment. In order to effectively cut back the HCl emission in incineration treatment of municipal solid waste, this paper proposes torrefaction and classification pretreatment of municipal solid waste. Torrefaction pretreatment has a significant inhibitory effect on HCl emission during the incineration of mixed municipal solid waste. At the same time, compared with the incineration treatment of mixed municipal solid waste, sawdust and plastic municipal solid waste of the same quality after classification pretreatment can effectively curb HCl emissions within the entire temperature range. In particular, HCl emissions are reduced by 35% during sawdust incineration treatment at 400°C. Furthermore, by studying the reaction mechanics of HCl generation during combustion at different temperatures, and the reaction rate of HCl generation is: mixed municipal solid waste >plastic >sawdust. Therefore, this paper believes that torrefaction and classification pretreatment of mixed municipal solid waste is beneficial to inhibit the precipitation of chlorine during the incineration process and promotes the resource utilization of municipal solid waste, which is of significant significance for energy conservation and emission reduction.

Landfilling is the most applied solid waste management method in developing countries, which leads to a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is thus imperative to develop strategies for evaluating different economically viable waste management scenarios to mitigate GHG emissions. According to the Paris Agreement, Kazakhstan planned to decrease GHG emissions by 25% by 2050 as compared to 1990 levels, while reaching carbon neutrality by 2060. In this context, we herein propose four different scenarios for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment and three scenarios for sewage sludge (SS) treatment with the aim of evaluating the GHG potential for Astana, the capital city of Kazakhstan, using the (solid waste management) SWM-GHG calculator developed by the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. The MSW treatment scenarios include: (A) 15% recycling of secondary materials and 85% landfilling of remaining MSW; (B) 30% recycling of secondary materials; 70% sanitary landfilling with biogas collection; (C) 30% recycling and 70% biological stabilization and landfilling without biogas collection; and (D) 30% recycling, 20% composting, and 50% (waste-to-energy) WtE incineration. The sewage sludge management scenarios include (1) 100% landfilling; (2) 100% WtE incineration; and (3) co-incineration of sewage sludge and coal. The results reveal that more complex scenarios lead to extensive ecological benefits; however, there are economic constraints. Based on the analysis of the proposed scenarios, we recommend the optimal strategy for MSW treatment to be 30% recycling with biological stabilization that has a total cost of EUR 16.7 million/year and overall GHG emissions of −120 kt of CO2 eq/year. In terms of sewage sludge management, the addition of coal to sewage sludge simplifies the combustion process due to the higher heat capacity. Considering lower cost and higher energy recovery, it is recommended as a favorable process.

This study focuses on application of formulated microbial consortium for the treatment of domestic solid wastes and makes it as manure for agriculture. In that context treatment by Formulated Microbial Consortium, along with Bio Fertilizer Microorganisms has been tried for treatment of municipality solid waste. Basically, this technology is using natively available microorganisms. The cultured microbial solution was used for treatment of municipal solid wastes. In the first heap, there was no treatment had been done which was called control. The second heap was treated with formulated microbial consortium containing nine microbes which were focused on decomposition and treatment of municipal solid waste. The third heap was treated with Formulated Microbial Consortium along with Bio Fertilizer Microorganism which was mainly focused on enrichment of nutrients. After treatment parameter has been analysed to evaluate the performance of the microbial consortium. After the investigation, the nutrients level was increased in the third heap and the composting time considerably decreased which increased the hope to treat municipal solid wastes effectively. The results showed significant (p<0.05) differences in the amount of available and total NPK levels.

Background, Aim and Scope. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management system has an important role to reduce final disposal of MSW. Recently prevention of global warming in MSW transportation and treatment processes is also coming into important. Decision makers in local region should design the MSW management system that solves above issues, and is desirable for the region in cost constraint. But there are few studies taking into account regional MSW discharge and waste treatment properties and their perspective. In this study, we proposed a methodology to design environmentally and economically desirable MSW management systems in local region by applying Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and cost analysis.Materials and Methods. The central region of Iwate Prefecture was chosen as a case study. Firstly, we surveyed material and energy inputs/outputs in MSW transportation and treatment processes in the case study area. Then, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data of each process was calculated. Secondarily, scenarios involving several MSW management systems considering patterns of MSW treatment technologies and/or MSW segregation were designed. Results and Discussion. As a scenario analysis, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, SOx/NOx emissions, final disposal and the cost was calculated when each scenario would be for the period from FY2005 to FY2030. From the results, we found that the MSW treatment system in which municipalities form communal MSW treatment mostly has an advantage than the municipality-based MSW treatment system in which municipalities treat MSW by themselves. We also found the trade-off relationship in the results; a system giving priority to gasification and melting facilities decreases the amount of final disposal and cost and increases GHG emissions, while another system giving priority to stoker type grate facility decreases GHG emissions and cost and increases the amount of final disposal. However this trade-off relationship is solved by enhancing waste segregation and/or bio-methanation of kitchen garbage. Additionally, we calculated the indicator value of environmental impact by the Distance-to-target method, and we evaluated a relationship between the indicator value and the cost. As the result, scenario involving the region-based MSW treatment system with bio-methanation is selected as a desirable MSW management system if reduction of final disposal is prioritize as the MSW treatment policy. Conclusions. In the actual fields, it is required not only quantatative evaluation environmental impact and cost but also qualitative investigation such as site selection of waste treatment facilities considering NIMBY phenomenon. Nonetheless, the methodology proposed in this paper is effective for local municipalities’ decision support.

Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of carbon emissions from municipal solid waste treatment in China

China's changing city-level greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste treatment and driving factors

Structure characteristics and development sustainability of municipal solid waste treatment in China

Biodrying process: A sustainable technology for treatment of municipal solid waste with high moisture content

The European Directives, along with the general notion that wastes are resources, and the effort to reduce the environmental impact in urban environment from waste management, are the driving forces behind waste to energy philosophy. The most sustainable cities in the EU consider that their sustainability is also based on energy recovery from wastes. They all use Waste-to-Energy facilities to treat a significant segment of their waste in order to produce energy in the form of heat and electricity. They do so in a very successful and environmentally friendly way, as they mainly utilise waste fractions that cannot be recycled or reused, and they do not dispose of these resources in landfills. This approach proves that sustainable waste management cannot be achieved without Waste-to-Energy facilities, since a fraction of wastes consists of non-recyclable and non- reusable materials, which provide a significant heating value that cannot be neglected as an energy source. Apart from recycling, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) treatment is achieved through various processes that aim towards the conversion of waste into useful forms of energy or easily biodegradable, stabilized products. Dedicated treatment methods for getting different refuse derived products that can be used as fuel for producing energy are available. The aim of this paper is to briefly present these methods, review their processes and reveal where their individual energy costs/losses are derived from. A review and a calculation example for the methods of Recycling, Anaerobic Digestion, Composting, Biodrying and combustion are presented concisely. Finally, these methods are compared in terms of energy costs and recovery. Moreover, the calculation methodology of the energy costs of MSW treatment facility is presented. Energy costs/losses are not a synonym for the efficiency of a MSW treatment method, but are an important factor that must be taken into consideration when designing a MSW treatment facility. Furthermore, different waste mixtures will provide different results for this study but the main conclusion remains unaltered: In terms of energy demand for waste management a percentage of methods are energy consuming and others are energy producing, or lead to significant energy savings, which is key action for a sustainable future. Municipal wastes is one of the greatest problems that the modern societies must solve. The current approach is the environmental impact of the method considering the volumes that must be treated and the sustainability of the method. Last but not least, energy consumption must be adopted in each and every human activity so as to achieve sustainable development.The European Directives, along with the general notion that wastes are resources, and the effort to reduce the environmental impact in urban environment from waste management, are the driving forces behind waste to energy philosophy. The most sustainable cities in the EU consider that their sustainability is also based on energy recovery from wastes. They all use Waste-to-Energy facilities to treat a significant segment of their waste in order to produce energy in the form of heat and electricity. They do so in a very successful and environmentally friendly way, as they mainly utilise waste fractions that cannot be recycled or reused, and they do not dispose of these resources in landfills. This approach proves that sustainable waste management cannot be achieved without Waste-to-Energy facilities, since a fraction of wastes consists of non-recyclable and non- reusable materials, which provide a significant heating value that cannot be neglected as an energy source. Apart from recycling, Municipal Solid W...

The role of indigenous and renewable energy resources is crucial for countries that want to be less dependent on foreign countries. Renewable energy resource power plants have many advantages when compared with other resources. They make countries less energy dependent and they also have environmentally friendly technologies when compared with other resources. Turkey is a country that has an abundance of renewable energy resources and biomass is one of the most promising energy resources in renewables. The goal of this paper is to determine Turkey’s electricity potential based on industrial wastes i.e. municipal solid waste (MSW) and urban wastewater treatment sludge potential, using applicable electricity generation methods. In this attempt, electrical energy potential of these resources has been found by using applicable waste to energy methods, technical and economical parameters. Electrical energy potential of Biogas (Landfill gas included) based on these resources is an amount of 6.73 billion kWh/year. Municipal solid waste (MSW) and dried municipal wastewater treatment sludge electrical energy potential is an amount of 23.81 billion kWh/year. Based on the resources stated; using the biogas and biomass energy values, calculations resulting in primary energy potentials; the installed capacity for gas-motor systems, gas turbine systems (Simple cycle), gas &amp; steam turbine systems (combined) and boiler – steam turbine systems have been determined.

Evaluation of the treatment of municipal solid waste as renewable energy resource in Campinas, Brazil

Review of numerical studies on thermal treatment of municipal solid waste in packed bed combustion

Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of two scenarios for managing an organic fraction of municipal solid waste in Rasht-Iran

In this study, the energy, economic, and environmental (3E) analysis on two waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies, for example, anaerobic digestion (AD) and incineration, for the treatment of municipal solid waste in Surat (Gujarat, India) was conducted. For energy criteria, the potential for energy recovery from municipal solid wastes (MSW) through AD and incineration was considered. The economic analysis that was carried out considered preprocessing, transportation, land, capital investment, and operational and maintenance costs that were incurred. The revenue that was generated by selling the electricity and compost was considered along with the recycling value of the paper waste. For environmental analysis, the global warming and acidification potentials (APs) were considered from the emissions that were produced during the treatment, transport, and disposal along with the displaced emissions. The results indicated that the average daily solid waste generation from Surat was 0.33 kg/person and the average total solid waste generation was 2080 t/day. Organic waste was the largest fraction (35.6%) followed by inert waste (13.5%), construction and demolition waste (12.4%), and recyclable waste, such as glass, rubber, and metal (11.2%). AD had less energy generation potential (9.89 MW) compared with incineration (16.99 MW). From an economic perspective, incineration had a higher profit (INR 1.48 million/day) than AD (INR 1.38 million/day). The environmental analysis showed that incineration had greater potential to reduce global warming and acidification compared with AD. The 3E analysis revealed that incineration was the superior technology choice.