Abstract
The underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have been applied in lots of fields such as environment monitoring, military surveillance, data collection, etc. Deployment of sensor nodes in 3D UWSNs is a crucial issue, however, it is a challenging problem due to the complex underwater environment. This paper proposes a growth ring style uneven node depth-adjustment self-deployment optimization algorithm (GRSUNDSOA) to improve the coverage and reliability of UWSNs, meanwhile, and to solve the problem of energy holes. In detail, a growth ring style-based scheme is proposed for constructing the connective tree structure of sensor nodes and a global optimal depth-adjustment algorithm with the goal of comprehensive optimization of both maximizing coverage utilization and energy balance is proposed. Initially, the nodes are scattered to the water surface to form a connected network on this 2D plane. Then, starting from sink node, a growth ring style increment strategy is presented to organize the common nodes as tree structures and each root of subtree is determined. Meanwhile, with the goal of global maximizing coverage utilization and energy balance, all nodes depths are computed iteratively. Finally, all the nodes dive to the computed position once and a 3D underwater connected network with non-uniform distribution and balanced energy is constructed. A series of simulation experiments are performed. The simulation results show that the coverage and reliability of UWSN are improved greatly under the condition of full connectivity and energy balance, and the issue of energy hole can be avoided effectively. Therefore, GRSUNDSOA can prolong the lifetime of UWSN significantly.
Highlights
Acoustic communication is the main mode for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) [1,2,3]
A growth ring style uneven node depth-adjustment self-deployment optimization algorithm (GRSUNDSOA) for UWSNs is proposed in this paper
The coverage rate is defined as Equation (3), which is the ratio of the volume of the effective m3o.3ni.toCrionvgearraegaefoRrmaetde bCyaallcluselantsoiornnodes to the volume of the entire monitoring area M
Summary
Acoustic communication is the main mode for UWSNs [1,2,3]. In recent years, acousticbased UWSNs have been applied in lots of fields such as environment monitoring, military surveillance, data collection, etc [4,5,6]. In order to tackle the problem mentioned above, one of the feasible solutions is the selfdeployment method, that is, autonomous depth-adjustment deployment for sensors which have the restricted vertical moving capability [23] For this scheme, the sensor nodes are dropped randomly onto the water surface initially, so that the coverage is highly uncertain. A growth ring style uneven node depth-adjustment self-deployment optimization algorithm (GRSUNDSOA) for UWSNs is proposed in this paper. (2) A novel depth-adjustment self-deployment algorithm based on growth ring style is proposed This algorithm strives to obtain the optimal network coverage rate on the basis of ensuring energy consumption balance and connectivity.
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