An Understanding Demographic Bonus and Its Implication among Teenagers in Deli Serdang District

The demographic dividend plays an important role in promoting sustainable development in China. Here, we ask the question of how to use the digital economy to coordinate the “one body and two sides” of the demographic dividend. This study empirically examines the impact of digital economic development on the demographic dividend in a multidimensional way based on the panel data from 30 provincial-level administrative regions in China from 2011 to 2020. The study results show that (1) the digital economy significantly promotes the demographic quality dividend but exhibits a suppressive effect on the demographic quantity dividend; (2) the digital economy can indirectly influence the demographic quality and quantity dividends through urbanization; (3) when examining the threshold effects, the study uncovers noteworthy dynamics, whereby the urbanization levels serve as significant thresholds, showcasing “diminishing marginal effects” in the digital economy’s influence on both population quantity and quality dividends; (4) digital economic development has a positive spillover effect on the demographic quantity dividend in adjacent areas. By clarifying these dynamics, the research results provide valuable insights into China’s sustainable use of the digital economy to create a demographic dividend.

Background: Basic immunization services for children in Indonesia have been integrated starting from Posyandu, Community Health Centers and hospitals, however the overall basic immunization coverage is still below the target set by the government. Data from the Hamparan Perak Community Health Center shows that coverage of all types of complete basic immunization did not reach the target, and Deli Serdang Regency with the lowest IDL coverage in North Sumatra Province is Deli Serdang Regency. Objective: This study aims to analyze the factors that influence maternal compliance in providing complete basic immunization in Hamparan Perak sub-district, Deli Serdang district. Method: The research used quantitative research methods with a cross sectional study design which was carried out in the work area of ​​the community health center in Hamparan Perak sub-district, Deli Serdang district, starting from preparing the thesis to obtaining research results. The population in this study were mothers aged ≥ 18 years in the working area of ​​the health center in Hamparan Perak sub-district, Deli Serdang district. The sampling technique used in this research is probability sampling using simple random sampling with a sample size of 73 respondents. Results: The results of the study showed a significant influence between knowledge (p=0.03) and maternal compliance in providing immunizations, and there was no influence between perception (p=0.47), quality of immunization services (p=0.10), number children (p=0.46), distance to health services (p=0.74) and maternal compliance in providing complete basic immunization in Hamparan Perak sub-district, Deli Serdang district. Conclusion: the factor that most influences maternal compliance in providing complete basic immunization is knowledge. Suggestion: It is necessary to increase the role of health workers in providing good information to the public about the importance of immunization for babies, and it is hoped that this can also increase the public's positive perception of immunization.

Abstract. Chaniago N, Suliansyah I, Chaniago I, Rozen N. 2021. Morphological characteristics of local rice in Deli Serdang District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 883-894. The preservation of local rice is essential to preventing genetic drain. In Deli Serdang District, North Sumatra, Indonesia, local rice is in great abundance. A total of 23 Deli Serdang local rice were collected and studied from coastal to highland areas. This study aims to determine the morphological characteristics of 23 local rice genotypes of Deli Serdang and to obtain superior characters to be developed into superior local varieties. A completely randomized design with three replicates was used in this study. Morphological characteristics of 23 local rice genotypes obtained various characters. The culm length was short to very long; culm diameter was thin to thick; the leaf-blade length was long to very long; leaf-blade width was intermediate to broad; culm number was low to high. The auricle, ligule, and collar were almost completely whitish, except for Sijambi yellowish-green and green, 2-cleft acute ligule shape. The harvest age was medium to deep. The grains were white, straw, gold, brown, brown spots, brown lines, and black. The pericarps were white, light brown, red, and black. Most of the organs indicated broad genetic variability having the opportunity to be developed into superior local varieties. All local rice was scattered into five groups based on morphological markers with a similarity of 32.12%.

Deli Serdang Regency is bordered by Medan City, Langkat, Karo, Simalungun, and Serdang Bedagai Districts, North Sumatra Province. This study aimed to analyze land-use changes during ten years period in Deli Serdang District. Land-use changes were spatially analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS). The factors causing land-use changes, the Driving Force, Pressure, State, Impact and Response (DPSIR) models were used. The results showed that within an interval of ten years (2009-2019) there were land-use changes in Deli Serdang. The area of land use had increased, including: Mangrove forest (4,589.56 ha to 5,645.23 ha), industry (2,470.52 ha to 3,316.39 ha), open land (361.11 ha to 1,451.04 ha), Plantation (80,649.32 ha to 88,411.56 ha), settlement (21,596.50 ha to 23,581.43 ha) and shrubs (2,332.16 ha to 3,013.33 ha). The area of land use that were reduced include dryland forests, mixed gardens, cultivation, paddy fields and ponds. The increasing open land and industry, the reduction in the vegetation area, especially forests, are the important issues in climate change because forests acts as carbon absorber. Based on the DPSIR analysis, population increase is a trigger factor for land–use changes in Deli Serdang Regency.

The aim in this study were (i) determine the base region commodity crops in Deli Serdang, (ii) determine differences in the level of competitiveness of commodity crops in Deli Serdang, (iii) determine specialty crops in the district of Deli Serdang, (iv) knowing localization (deployment) crops in Deli Serdang, (v) to determine the trend of food crops in Deli Serdang. The analytical method used is: (a) analysis of location quotient (LQ), (b) Shift Share analysis, (c) the analysis of the coefficient of specialization, (d) analysis of localization, (e) the analysis of the trend. Characteristics deployment commodity crops in Deli Serdang regency does not lead to the principle of specialization and localization. Patterns of production on food crops in Deli Serdang district tends to spread in many regions or districts and no commodity specialization in each district. Results of factor analysis trend commodity crops such as rice, cassava, and maize has a high production level each year, but the commodity sweet potato and peanut production is likely to decline.

Demographic dividend refers to the economic growth and development resulting from a change in the age structure of a country’s population.1 Rapid growth in a country occurs as a consequence of declining fertility, facilitated by low child and infant mortality. A country with younger people and lessoning fertility reaps a ‘demographic dividend’ by increasing productivity and decreasing dependency. With low dependency ratio, governments and people can redirect resources for investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure, creating a virtuous cycle of development, as better education and healthcare can now lead to greater productivity gains.2 The demographic dividend is specifically beneficial for those countries which accelerate their economic development through strategic investments and policies.3 The relationship of economic development and population changes has evolved into an important subject recently. Historically since the Second World War, a demographic shift has been undergoing in developing countries, from high to low rates of mortality and fertility. This transition produced a "boom" generation, that is, a generation larger than those immediately before and after it.4 The East Asian nations were at the forefront of this transition while Latin America, began their transitions afterwards, in the 1960s and 70s. Countries in the Middle East and Africa, have not yet fully begun, or are in the initial stages of this transition.5 Pakistan, like many other countries, stands at a critical juncture where the demographic dividend can either be a transformative force for economic growth or a missed opportunity. Currently, 64 percent of the nation is younger than 30 years of age. Pakistan now has more young people than it has ever had in the past, and predicted to continue to increase till 2050 with many needing jobs. The age distribution of Pakistan's population is heavily skewed towards youth. This presents both opportunities and challenges for the country's future development.6 A favorable age structure alone does not yield the dividend. It does not produce benefit automatically. Just like any opportunity, one must exert effort to realize its advantage. To materialize the dividend, the sizeable young and working-age population must be gainfully employed7. For economic growth, quality education, adequate nutrition and health, and access to sexual and reproductive health must be ensured to younger population. The country faces multifaceted challenges that intersect with the broader themes of the demographic dividend. One of the biggest challenges that Pakistan faces in realizing its demographic dividend is the lack of education.8 According to a recent report, only 58% of Pakistani children go to primary school, and just 28% complete secondary education. This lack of education limits the potential of the workforce and hinders economic growth.

The accountability of an institution affects the level of trust of muzakki in paying zakat. Accountability can be realized by compiling financial reports in accordance with zakat accounting standards, namely PSAK 109. The purpose of the research conducted by the author is to find out how zakat accounting increases the accountability of the National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) Deli Serdang district. The method used in this study is qualitative and the source of data comes from interviews with staff and financial reports in the form of reports on the receipt and distribution of the National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) Deli Serdang district. In preparing financial reports, BAZNAS Deli Serdang Regency has not fully complied with PSAK 109, this has an impact on accountability which causes zakat receipts to be not optimal. To achieve this, it is necessary to conduct training for the Human Resources of BAZNAS Deli Serdang Regency so that they can provide an understanding of how to prepare financial reports in accordance with PSAK 109

Background: The case of helminthiasis in elementary school children in Indonesia is still quite high at 28%. This worm disease is caused by the Soil Transmited Helminths (STH) group. This group of worms is transmitted by means of land. The environment contaminated by worm eggs increases the incidence of helminthiasis in children. Objective: To analyze the relationship between home environmental sanitation and helminthiasis in elementary school students in Deli Serdang Regency. Method: This study was analytical with cross-sectional data analysis. The population of this study were all Muhammadiyah 37 Tanjung Selamat Elementary School students with a sample of 58 people. The research data was obtained from questionnaires, observations, and faecal examination in the laboratory with the method of using a 1-2% eosin method. Results and Discussion: Based on the results of the questionnaire and observation, it was found that 34.5% of children lived in a home environment that did not comply health requirements. Laboratory results showed that 15.5% of children were infected by the Soil Transmitted Helminths. The results of the statistical test showed a significant relationship between environmental sanitation and STH infection in elementary school students in Deli Serdang District with p-value = 0.003 (p-value <0.005). Conclusions and suggestions: There is a relationship between environmental sanitation and helminthiasis in elementary school students in Deli Serdang Regency. It is recommended to the school to always provide understanding to children about the importance of maintaining cleanliness of the school environment and also reactivating the School Health Unit program and enforcing discipline and providing guidance for children who lack hygiene such as cutting long nails as a discipline to hygiene child.

This study aims to determine the process of planning, implementation, administration, reporting and accountability. The Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget is in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 20 of 2018 concerning village financial management. This study is a type of qualitative descriptive research using primary data and secondary data, where the primary data is in the form of direct observation results in the form of interviews regarding the planning, implementation, administration, reporting and accountability of the Village Budget of Patumbak Marindal II Village, Deli Serdang District in 2023 while the secondary data from this study were obtained from documents of the Patumbak Marindal II Village government, Deli Serdang District. This data was obtained from available documents. This study uses data analysis techniques by means of data consistency and data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the management of the Village Budget of Patumbak Marindal II Village, Deli Serdang District, including planning, implementation, administration, reporting and accountability has been carried out in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 20 of 2018.

In 2017 North Sumatera province had a TB incident of 73,488 with CDR BTA(+) 65,7%, and CNR of 185/100.000 population higher than Indonesia. CDR BTA(+) Deli Serdang District is 61,6% is below than CDR average of North Sumatera province 65,7%. The Deli Serdang District is one of the fostered area of the international NGO KNCV to accelerate the process of elimination of TB by providing facilities assistance and improvement of human resources. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship predisposing factors of pulmonary TB staff in Health Centre to achieve the case notification of pulmonary TB through Rapid Moleculer Test with Xpert MTB/RIF and Specimen Transportation methods. This research using cross sectional design and population is all TB staff (34 staffs) in the Health Centres in Deli Serdang District where is each Health centre has 1 TB staff. Data collection is conducted with interviews using pre-tested questionnaires and get approval from the Ethics committee of the Faculty of Nursing Universitas Sumatera Utara. Analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and Kruskall Wallis. The result of this research there is no relationship of predisposing factors with the Pulmonary TB case notification using Rapid Moleculer Test and Specimen Transportation method in Deli Serdang District.

The maternal mortality rate is the number of women who die during pregnancy (the 42 day period after giving birth). The higher maternal mortality rate, the lowest welfare of a country. The highest MMR in North Sumatra province 2021 was in Deli Serdang district with 23 cases. Therefore, health professional are required to have communication skills with therapeutic meaning. This study aims to analyze the influence of doctors' therapeutic communication and nurses' communication styles on the quality of services for pregnant women in hospitals deli serdang district. This quantitative research uses analytical observational methods with a cross sectional approach. Data collection was conducted on 97 pregnant women who consulted at the polyclinic gynecology and obstetrics at Drs. H. Amri Tambunan Hospital, Grandmed Hospital and Haji Hospital. The data collection technique was carried out by distributing a questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that that doctors' therapeutic communication influences the quality of service at the Deli Serdang district hospital. The nurse's communication style influences the quality of service at the Deli Serdang district hospital. There is an influence of doctors' therapeutic communication and nurses' communication styles on the quality service of hospital at the Deli Serdang district. Has a very strong relationship with a adjusted R square of 73.2%. The remaining 26.8% was influenced by other factors outside this research

With the advantage of demographic dividend and extensive investment value, Vietnam's foreign trade has developed rapidly and made great contribution to its economic development. By studying the mechanism of the indirect effect of the population age structure on the promoting effect of economic development on the real exchange rate of the Vietnamese dong, it is of great significance to understand the long-term change law of the exchange rate of Vietnam and even other developing countries. In this paper, the influence of population age structure on the real exchange rate of VND(Vietnamese dong) against USD(US dollar) was studied. In accordance with the idea of "relevant theoretical analysis - empirical analysis - conclusions and suggestions", the unit root test, analysis of variance and other econometric methods were used for empirical test. It is found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the population age structure and the real exchange rate of VND. It mainly affects the real exchange rate of Vietnam through the mechanism of economic demand, while the influence of "Balassa-Samuelson" on the supply side is weak. In the process of boosting economic growth, the age structure of the population leads to the depreciation tendency of the dong exchange rate. Based on the conclusions of this paper, relevant suggestions are put forward for Vietnam and other countries enjoying demographic dividend to improve the exchange rate formation mechanism, tap the second demographic dividend and develop demographic quality dividend.

The demographic dividend presents the conceptual framework through which changes in the population's age structure positively affect economic development. However, the demographic dividend is a complex concept, and, more than two decades after its inception, approaches remain diverse. This paper presents a literature analysis on the demographic dividend to understand the concept of the demographic dividend and its relationship to its interrelated term ̶ the demographic window of opportunity. The literature analysis was undertaken following an evolutionary approach, including an examination of definitions of the demographic dividend and methodologies for its assessment. Two different approaches to view the demographic dividend, the demographic and the economic, were discussed, as well as the two indicators – the demographic support rate and the economic support rate. The results of the analysis confirmed the presumption of the demographic dividend and the demographic window of opportunity as being two distinct concepts – mutually interrelated but not substitutable. Also, for the analysis of the demographic dividend, the demographic support ratio indicator is as necessary as the economic support ratio, influencing the policy – making process at the national level in achieving the demographic dividend. The study underlines the importance of distinguishing between the concept of the window of opportunity that is created by demographic change and the demographic dividend – the positive economic outcome of these changes. Employing the concept of a window of opportunity, directly linked to the demographic dividend, would create the integrative framework needed to identify the pathways of positive demographic influence on economic development.

ABSTRACTDemographic changes, particularly population aging, influence societal and economic development. While often seen as a challenge, aging also presents opportunities through demographic and educational dividends. This commentary discusses how improvements and expansion of education might generate a demographic dividend. Education boosts productivity and well‐being, helping mitigate the economic pressures of aging. However, realising these benefits requires equitable, high‐quality education and labor market reforms to support diverse and aging workforces. Education is pivotal for sustainable development, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. It addresses aging‐related challenges, maximises demographic dividends, and fosters long‐term inclusive economic growth.

Current trends in population age composition led to increased interest in the potential economic impact of these trends. “The demographic window of opportunity” and “demographic dividend” present the two phenomena that address these concerns from an optimistic viewpoint. Over a certain period, a particular configuration of the population’s age structure when the working-age population predominates - the “demographic window of opportunity”- can create incentives for economic development, thus obtaining the demographic dividend. This paper aims to compare the demographic window of opportunity period and demographic dividend manifestation in selected countries from various parts of the world. The growth rate of support ratio was used to identify the demographic window of opportunity. The methodology for estimating the demographic dividend is that proposed by the NTA project. In addition, within NTA methodology, it is possible to capture both accounting and productivity aspects of the impact of the population by age group and differentiate the demographic dividend into the first and second demographic dividend. Hence, although manifested in an ageing population, certain economic behaviours, such as increasing savings and investments, can positively influence economic development, thus obtaining the second demographic dividend. This article presents evidence from selected countries on the demographic window of opportunity period as well as the first and second demographic dividends. It concludes by underlying the importance the demographic window of opportunity concept for the demographic dividend analysis.