Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a critical economic crash around the globe, affecting billions of people worldwide. Without a cure, the number of cases continues to increase exponentially. Countries, including the United States, Brazil, and India, currently lead in the number of cases with numbers soaring in the millions. Immunization is crucial to preventing the spread of infectious diseases and can help a large number of individuals quickly while keeping current cases under control. Following the publication of the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine development has been accelerated at an unprecedented rate. 115 vaccine candidates are currently under study with the hope of finding an ideal solution and mitigating the Coronavirus incidence rate. With some vaccine candidates having more potential than others, this review focuses on the characterization of different vaccine options. The analysis of probable vaccines, including mRNA vaccines and adenovirus vaccines, is conducted, and the scientific reasoning behind the vaccines is also discussed. In this review, the latest strategy vaccine is introduced and the effective vaccines are analysed.
Highlights
COVID-19, the cause of the 2020 worldwide pandemic, produces "asymptomatic to revere respiratory distress, pneumonia, and death [1]." The COVID-19 mortality rate is estimated to be 3.4% globally, and the elderly and pre-existing comorbidities are at a higher risk [2,3,4].This global pandemic has brought up a world effort to develop a vaccine for COVID-19
Polyprotein 1a/1ab, from the viral RNA, is "synthesized in the host to form 16 non-structural proteins," organizing "replication transcription complex (RTC) in double-membrane vesicles (DMV)." The nRTC discontinuously synthesizes a group of minus-strand subgenomic RNA [9]
Live Attenuated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines (LAVS), displaying immunogenic characteristics, can "replicate the threshold of pregnancy and cellular immunosuppression caused by live viral infections [24]." As a result of requiring one or more additional doses, LAVS may not be a viable option for "more virulent viruses [25,26]" due to weaker immunogenicity and the "likelihood of reactivation in vaccinated individuals." From the point of view of vaccine distribution, LAVS are usually refrigerated to maintain immunogenicity, which can be difficult in countries that cannot maintain cold chain distribution [27]
Summary
COVID-19, the cause of the 2020 worldwide pandemic, produces "asymptomatic to revere respiratory distress, pneumonia, and death [1]." The COVID-19 mortality rate is estimated to be 3.4% globally, and the elderly and pre-existing comorbidities are at a higher risk [2,3,4]. This global pandemic has brought up a world effort to develop a vaccine for COVID-19. The classic approach to vaccine development may be hindered due to an abnormal degree of glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2, which leads to quick mutation. The vaccine for COVID-19 will be systematically introduced
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