AN OVERVIEW OF PUBLICATIONS ON SCENARIO MODELING IN THE DESIGN OF FOREST ROADS

Improvement of existing forest roads for easier access to mineral resources and operation is one of the national needs and a factor of economic and tourism development in the forest areas on the southern Coast of the Khazar Lake and in the Highlands of the northern provinces of Iran. Forest resource management can only be sustainable through a well-organized road network designed with optimal spatial planning and minimum environmental impacts. Improving the quality of forest roads leads to reducing mining and transport costs, and improving the livelihoods of the local people However, unscrupulous construction and improper maintenance could have adverse and irreparable effects. Environmental destruction should be minimized in the design and construction of forest roads and engineering principles should not be neglected in this regard. In the long run, Improved Road construction will have positive environmental impacts because road damage due to Erosion and Drift brings environmental damage in addition to economic and social injuries. One of the main factors in the stability and durability of roads is extensive drainage and stabilization of the road shell in inaccessible forest and mountain areas. This article examines environmental and engineering problems, sustainability, and impacts of drainage and stability in the construction and improvement of forest roads based on the access road to the Goliran coal mine in the highlands of Babol county in Mazandaran province, Iran.

Introduction. This article considers the issue of modernization of the regulatory and technical base of the road sector in the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads (hereinafter - highways) on the basis of analysis of existing regulations, regulations, technical literature, which refers to the objects of regulation and, of course, taking into account the requirements dictated by today's safety and environmental protection. The work concerns the basic building codes for the design and construction of roads, namely those innovations that have already been approved and are planned to be put into operation in the near future. Problem statement. Implementation of a common technical policy in road construction, ensuring their reliability and durability, increasing the efficiency of capital investments, implementing the provisions of Directive 2008/96 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on Road Infrastructure Safety Management, harmonizing international and European standards, implementing scientific and technical standards achievements of science and advanced domestic and world experience in the practice of design and construction, saving material, labor, financial and energy resources, improving design solutions, construction quality, occupational safety and health, rational use of land, other natural resources and environmental protection, encourages the continuous improvement of state building codes, as fundamental documents for the design and construction of roads. Objective. The main documents governing the requirements for the design and construction of roads, namely DBN B.2.3-4: 2015 "Roads. Part I. Design. Part II. Construction ", which were republished in 2015 and DBN B.2.3-5: 2018" Streets and roads of settlements ", republished in 2018, taking into account the current traffic intensity, increased requirements for the load on pavement, safety requirements and environmental protection, as well as the development of regulatory and technical framework, developed appropriate changes and additions. In order to reveal and detail their essence, effectiveness and purposefulness, the relevant material developed in this article has been developed. Materials and methods. The presented work is based on analytical, practical and theoretical research related to standardization requirements for the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads. Results. Amendments to the state building norms have been developed, which set requirements for the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads, taking into account modern design requirements, the latest materials and technologies. Conclusions. The requirements set out in the developed amendments to the state building codes for the design and construction of streets and roads of settlements and public roads are internal indicators. They are formed by complex analytical and practical calculations from many variables and unknowns, numerous public meetings and legal meetings, long-term coordination with central executive bodies, there are complex expert verification of the basic organization that implements scientific activities in construction and approval. Huge amounts of statistics and the best world and domestic experience were used to achieve the end result. Based on the results of the work performed, the most optimal requirements have been established, the main requirements that regulate the principles of design and construction of high-quality roads in Ukraine according to modern European standards. Keywords: building norms, public highways, streets and roads of settlements, design of highways, construction of highways, changes to building norms.

In most cases, the planning of funding for the construction of a forest truck road causes difficulty to planners. Although a forest management plan (FMP) indicates the number of roads to be built annually for the next development period with the average cost of construction, this information is quite general and based on experiential estimates. The aim of this paper is to determine the average cost of forest truck road construction in the Republic of Srpska, as well as to calculate the average costs of individual phases of operation. The obtained average cost of forest road construction, resulting from the analysis of 71 major projects in 11 forest areas encompassing 178 km of forest roads, is 32,490.87 ?/km. The obtained results point to the interesting fact that forest road construction is the most expensive in hilly areas with an altitude ranging between 200 and 500 m (34,298.28 ?/km), while it is the cheapest (30,922.88 ?/km) in medium mountainous areas, with altitudes between 1000 and 2000 m.

Forest road design and construction are time-consuming and complicated because various risk factors can be encountered during the process. The aim of this study is to comprehensively assess the risk factors in forest road design and construction using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in Turkey, thus contributing to the proper performance of these activities. Within the scope of the study, six main risk factors and 22 sub-risk factors were identified based on literature review. In order to determine the weights of the relevant risk factors, the opinions of three different groups [(group 1: academicians), (group 2: forest engineers (private sector employees + public sector employees)), (group 3: group 1 + group 2)] about the risk factors were obtained. Relevant risk factor weights were determined using the fuzzy AHP method. According to group 3, the most important main risk factors are technical risks and environmental risks. In addition, the most important sub-risk factors for each relevant main risk factor were incorrect road alignment, inadequate work safety in the field, insufficient capital, legal problems on the road alignment, landslide risk during road construction, and illegal logging. Differences were observed between groups 1 and 2 in the weight rankings of relevant risk factor. The results demonstrate that the fuzzy AHP method can be used effectively to assess the risks of forest road design and construction.

The construction of forest roads is one of the priority issues of the forest industry. The underdeveloped forest road network does not allow the use of forest resources, which are situated too far from the civil roads because of lower profitability. Expanding the forest road infrastructure will allow to increase mobility as well as profitability of resource extraction. Forest roads are expensive. This is due to the high cost of road construction materials and long distance of their delivery. One of the latest ways of cost reduction of road construction materials is the use of industrial wastes. A study was carried out in order to obtain a pavement layer with high physical and mechanical properties and a relatively low cost from industrial wastes for the problem solving. Household high-pressure polyethylene is used as a binder in the mixture, and ash from incineration of sewage sludge is used as filler. A coagulation-condensation structure is formed due to the use of plastic in the mixture; herewith the material is characterized by high strength and frost resistance. The study has a scientific novelty as the issues of polyethylene adhesion with various fillers are poorly known. Recycled polymers (crushed polyethylene, fraction 1.5–2.5 mm) were used as a structure-forming component. Ash from the sewage sludge incineration obtained at the SUE «Vodokanal of St. Petersburg» was used as the filler material. According to the test results, a material with the following parameters was obtained: the compression resistance of 170.63–552.08 MPa, the elastic modulus of 322–1022 MPa, water absorption within 1 %; that allows using the material in the forest road construction. This material can be used as an application for reinforcing the pavement layer in the forest road construction on weak soils. The use of the obtained material in forest road construction will expand the forest road infrastructure by cost reduction. The studies of the Department of Industrial Transport of the Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical University show that the high physical and mechanical parameters will increase the service life of forest roads and hence the time between overhauls. These aspects have a positive effect on the profitability of the forest road construction.For citation: Minaev А.N., Zubova О.V., Kulik D.М., Siletskiy V.V., Lugovov V.I. Application of Ash-Polymer Mixtures in the Construction of Forest Roads. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2020, no. 3, pp. 106–116. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-3-106-116

A thorough quantification of soil chemical properties is essential for assessing the engineering properties of forest soils for road design, construction, and maintenance. Here, we investigate the applicability of visible–near‐infrared (Vis–NIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with advanced statistical analysis for estimation of soil chemical properties. Sixty forest soil samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), CaCO3, organic matter (OM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) with established laboratory methods. The spectral measurements were performed with a Vis–NIR spectrometer within a range of 350–2,500 nm. To estimate abovementioned soil properties from reflectance spectra, advanced statistical techniques including partial least squares regression (PLSR), hybrid partial least squares and artificial neural networks (PLS–DI–ANN) models, hybrid partial least squares and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (PLS–DI–ANFIS) models, as well as narrow band spectral indices were applied. The obtained results ​​indicate that the PLS–DI–ANFIS models show great potential for the estimation of pH, EC, OM, and CEC from reflectance spectra and their first derivatives, exhibiting higher R2 values and lower RMSE than the other investigated models. The estimation accuracy for CaCO3, however, was low for all applied methods. The results confirm that Vis–NIR spectroscopy may be applied as a rapid and cost‐efficient alternative to standard chemical soil analysis techniques, aiding forest road design, construction, and maintenance.

Reliable and accurate earthwork calculation is one of the most important components in road engineering that can influence the construction cost and road alignment choice. In this research, the method of ground penetrating radar (GPR) was applied to detect the subsoil rock share in forest road construction. The GPR data acquisition was carried out using a 250 MHz GPR antenna along 22 segments on the centerline and 12 meters across to the road project. The GPR data processing was done by performing different filters, such as background removal, migration, band pass filter, and horizontal and vertical smoothing on the GPR data. To investigate the capability of the GPR method used in this road construction project, we compared the GPR radargram and road profile after construction. The results indicated that the maximum penetration depth of the GPR waves produced by a 250 MHz GPR transmitter antenna, which were between 2 and 5 meters in fine area (clayey soil with high moisture content) and rocky grounds, respectively. Moreover, the capability of GPR to map large dimension roots and water content is presented in this work. Comparison of the GPR records with direct observations of road profiles revealed that the GPR technique can yield a wide range of information that leads to a more efficient and effective earthwork operation of forest roads, although in some parts of the road profile the expected results from the target depth of rock share were not achieved.

The transfer of the project to the site requires the performance of measurements and constructions with high accuracy. Changes in the technology of geodetic works related to the computerization of geodesy, the introduction into geodetic practice of electronic geodetic instruments and automated processing programs, require the introduction into production of both traditional methods of geodetic measurements and new technologies and methods of geodetic works. Despite the fact that geodetic works are an integral part of construction, in the regulations on surveys, design and construction of roads and man-made structures quite limited regulation of the content of work on the transfer of projects to the field, division work, executive surveys, geodetic quality control, accuracy requirements, etc. Given the current state of regulatory and legal support for geodetic support of road construction sites, it is advisable to develop a national standard for the implementation of geodetic surveying and geodetic control in the construction of road construction sites. This standard will supplement the main provisions of regulations on the construction of roads and transport facilities. With the growing volume of design, construction and overhaul of roads, it is necessary to standardize all stages of design and construction work, including those related to geodetic production. The development of technologies and methods of geodetic works related to the computerization of geodesy requires the introduction into production of both traditional methods of geodetic measurements and new technologies and methods of geodetic works. Based on the analysis and generalization of regulatory support for geodetic support of design and construction of roads and artificial structures, the need to develop a national standard for geodetic surveying and geodetic control in the construction of road construction as a supplement to the basic provisions of regulations on road construction and transport facilities.

Length of the primary forest roads in the Federation of BiH is 11.821,00 km that includes the categories of public and forest truck roads. Cantonal Public companies for forest management in the Federation of BiH are responsible for the design, construction and maintenance of forest truck roads. The starting point in the analysis related to forest truck roads is to determine the quality and quantity of the existing forest road network. This paper deals with data for all forest truck roads in the territory of Federation of BiH that in total includes 2.907 forest truck roads. The following data were collected and analysed: pavement type, pavement width, longitudinal slope and traffic load per year per 24 h. The analysis of these elements can serve as the basis for categorizing of forest truck roads into primary, secondary and access roads, as well as starting point in planning process related to the maintenance works and future forest road construction.

Existing forest roads that are the base infrastructure foundation for forest management have been built with a focus on structural stability rather than ecological impact. In recent, however, the concerns on the ecological and environmental impacts on the forest road construction has been increased with the emphasis of sustainable forest management and the improvement of public awareness. Especially, the cut slopes that occurred on the forest road construction are known to affect the movement and habitat of wild animals living in the forest. This study aims to establish environmental and structural standards for the cut slopes by identifying the effect of forest road cut slopes on the movement of wild animals based on a survey of national forest roads in South Korea (30 km in total). Seven factors associated with forest road cut slopes, including cut slope length, cut slope gradient, soil type, longitudinal position, crossing position, aspect, and vegetation coverage, as well as wildlife tracks were investigated. As a result of statistical analysis using cross tabulation to determine the correlation of wildlife tracks with each cut slope factor, five factors (soil type, cut slope gradient, cut slope length, vegetation coverage, and crossing position) were significantly identified. Using these five factors, a prediction model to predict whether wildlife move or not on the cut slope was developed, and the discriminant hit ratio was 76.0%. Thus, using such models, there is a need to develop the guidelines of forest road installation considering the wildlife movement and of ecological corridor installation for more eco-friendly forest road construction and design in the future.

Construction of forest roads can cause short-term and long-term negative effects on forest ecosystems in different ways if they are not well planned and appropriately maintained. In this research, environmental damages caused by an excavator during road construction were examined in steep terrain covered by beech (Fagus orientalis L.) stands. The study was conducted along a 1.5 km road in western Blacksea Region of Turkey. All of the road construction operations were monitored during a construction period, and measurements of cross sections sizes and stand damages were measured during and after the construction activities. The road construction was evaluated according to the appropriate method and standards. The average widths of roadway, fill slope and construction zone were 4.82, 6.91, and 16.61 m, respectively. Along the 1,500 m road, forested area impacted was 24,915 m2 while the number of trees cut was 1,495 and rate of the damaged trees below the fill slope was found to be 24.7 %. In the study, based on the appropriate method and standards, less forested area might have been impacted (23 %). As a result of regression analysis, it was found that the rate of damaged trees increased as the values of the proportion of rocks, the width of the road surface and the width of the cut-slope increased. To reduce the negative effects of forest road construction on the environment, new forest road construction by excavators should be performed using appropriate methods within mountainous terrains.

Evaluation of the tender results of forest road constructions: A case study in Bolu Regional Directorate Abstract: The construction of forest roads is realized by tenders by the General Directorate of Forestry. The amount of work on the approximate cost schedule required for the tender is determined according to the 1st discernment measurements made during the road application. Unexpected disputes have been occurred in the process of finalizing the contracts by measurements of the preliminary survey, without the detailed project is prepared. The aim of this study is to compare the road construction data that are calculated while going out to the tender and the exact values that are occurred as a result of the construction. A total of 34 forest roads constructed by Bolu Forest Regional Directorate (BFRD) between 2007 and 2014 were sampled and studied. Data were obtained and evaluated from the tender dossiers to compare the approximate cost of the tenders and progress values (excavation quantities, excavation features and costs) of these projects. In addition, these roads have been evaluated according to forest road technical standards. According to the results of the research; the total length of the assessed roads was 73,879 m, and the total costs were $ 977,138 and a total of 726,366 m3 of excavation was carried out for the construction of these roads. As a result of paired sample t-tests performed; the difference between the tender amount and the progress payment amounts and the amount of very hard rock excavation and the approximate cost very hard rock excavation amount were found to be statistically significant. Keywords: Forest road construction, tender cost, progress payment, Turkey Orman yol insaati ihale sonuclarinin degerlendirilmesi: Bolu Bolge Mudurlugu ornegi Ozet: Orman yollarinin insasi, Orman Genel Mudurlugu tarafindan ihale yoluyla gerceklestirilmektedir. Ihale icin gerekli olan yaklasik maliyet cetvelindeki is miktari, yol aplikasyonu sirasinda yapilan 1. gozlemsel olcumlere gore belirlenir. Detayli proje hazirlanmadan, on arastirma olcumleriyle sozlesmelerin tamamlanma surecinde beklenmeyen anlasmazliklar meydana gelmektedir. Bu calismanin amaci, ihaleye cikilirken hesaplanan yol insa verileri ile insaat sonucunda cikan kesin degerlerin karsilastirilmasidir. 2007-2014 yillari arasinda Bolu Orman Bolge Mudurlugu (BOBM) tarafindan yapilan toplam 34 orman yolu orneklenerek incelenmistir. Bu projelerin ihale yaklasik maliyet ve hakedis degerlerini (kazi miktarini, kazi ozelliklerini ve maliyetleri) karsilastirmak icin ihale dosyalarindan veriler elde edilmis ve degerlendirilmistir. Ayrica, bu yollar orman yolu teknik standartlarina gore degerlendirilmistir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore; yollarin toplam uzunlugu 73.879 m ve toplam maliyeti 977.138 $ olup bu yollarin insasi icin toplam 726.366 m3 kazi yapilmistir. Yapilan bagimli iki ornek t-testi sonucunda; ihale toplam tutari ile hakedis toplam tutari arasindaki fark ve hakedis cok sert kaya kazi miktari ile yaklasik maliyet cok sert kaya kazi miktari arasindaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamli bulunmustur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Orman yol insaati, ihale bedeli, hakedis, Turkiye Received (Gelis): 13.02.2017 - Revised (Duzeltme): 22.03.2017 - Accepted (Kabul): 26.04.2017 Cite (Atif): Turk, Y., Gumus, S., 2017. Evaluation of the tender results of forest road constructions: A case study in Bolu Regional Directorate. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(2): 194-202. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.292012

The Article is devoted to the issues of road design with the appeal of rolling stock to magnetic levitation. Lack in Russia of necessary regulatory base for a construction of roads with use of a magnetic suspension is noted, the main problematic issues connected with design, construction and operation of all infrastructure and, first of all,its basic elements providing technological process of transportation of passengers or containers are listed. The main directions and tasks of creation of this regulatory base are given. The short analysis of foreign experience of design and construction of roads with use of magnetic levitation technology is submitted. The direction of domestic design of lines in this area are considered, attention is paid to the work in progress on all of these issues.Specified the significance of the work on the design of rolling stock for magnetic levitation movement, in particular, the need to create a special, more light in comparison with conventional platform, chassis, and revising the traditional schemes of the support and fixing of containers due to loads imposed by high-speed train Maglev. Noted the need to develop special technical conditions and rules, which together constitute the legal framework required for infrastructure design. The attention is paid to justification of the choice of the road with magnetic levitation technology among other possible options. The general sequence of design and building of pilot object and a test site for carrying out experimental works is formulated. The key moments which can be taken as a basis for development of algorithm of actions in this direction are listed. The question of a design of the test site on which it would be possible to solve all objectives is considered.

After road construction in steep and mountainous areas, there is always a risk for trench failure. Estimation of this probability before forest road design and construction is urgent. Besides, to decrease failures costs and risks, it is necessary to classify their occurrence probabilities and identify the factors affecting them. The present study compares three statistical models of logistic regression, frequency ratio, and maximum entropy. The robust one was applied to generate trench failures susceptibility map of forest roads of two watersheds in Northern Iran. Also, all failures repairing costs were estimated, and subsequently, all existing roads were surveyed in the study area, detecting 844 failures. Among the recorded failures, 591 random cases (70%) were used in modeling, and others (30%) were used as validation data. The digital layers, including failure locations, were prepared. Three failure susceptibility maps were simulated using the outputs of the mentioned methods in the GIS environment. The resulted maps combined with repair cost prices were analyzed to statistically evaluate the repair cost unit per meter of forest road and per square meter of failure. The results showed that the logistic regression model had an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 74.6% in identifying failure-sensitive areas. The probabilistic frequency ratio and Entropy models showed 68.2 and 65.5% accuracy, respectively. Based on the logistic regression model, the distance to faults and terrain slope factors had the highest effects on forest road trenches failures. According to the result, about 43.25% of the existing road network is located in »high« and »very high« risky areas. The estimated cost of regulating and profiling trenches and ditches along the existing roads was approximately 108,772 $/km.

The volume contains a collection of articles on pressing issues of logging, forest transport, the use of forest logging complexes, transport logistics and integrated use of forest products.The research results presented in the volume were discussed at the All-Russian scientific-practical conference with international participation “Actual issues of transport in the forest sector” held at St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University on November 28-29, 2019.The articles discuss innovative technologies for the use of logging complexes in forest areas with different environmental conditions, new materials for the construction of forest roads in various conditions, technologies for collecting and processing harvesting residuals and methods for their rational use.Several methods have been proposed to increase technological efficiency of logging operations and minimize environmental risks associated with the harvesting and transport of forest products. The information on the soil conditions for the use of forest equipment has been analysed. The developments in the area of processing of waste from logging operations have been presented. Original results on the interaction of the moving parts of forest machines with forest soils and surfaces of forest roads have been presented. A model of the consequences of the passage of forestry equipment on a dry road surface has been presented. Methods have been proposed for the construction of forest roads in difficult soil and hydrological conditions and on soils with low bearing capacity.The articles published in the volume will be of interest to specialists working in the transport, logging and timber processing industries.The organizing committee of the conference thanks the staff of the Department of Industrial Transport of SPbSFTU who participated in the organization of the conference, as well as a leading specialist of the Congress Department of SPbSFTU, Vadim S. Pavlov, and an assistant professor of the Department of Technological Processes and Machines of the Forestry Complex of SPbSFTU, Ivan V. Bacherikov, who made a valuable contribution to the volume by handling and editing the submitted papers.Associate Professor of the Department of Industrial Transport, St. Petersburg State Technical University, Ph.D. Gleb V. Grigoriev