Abstract
A new methodology has been proposed for optimal size selection of a hybrid energy system (HES) including lithium-ion battery and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell to supply the driving force of a locomotive. The main purpose is to minimize the total cost of HES with different constraints including the capacity constraint of the battery and the fuel cell state-of-charge limit The optimization problem has been solved based on a new improved model of the Krill Herd (KH) algorithm, converged krill herd optimization algorithm (CKH). Simulation results are analyzed based on the average power demand, speed demand of the locomotive, and the locomotive slope. The results of the presented CKH algorithm have been compared with the standard KH and PSO algorithm and the results declared that the total cost for HES based on CKH has the minimum value such that the value for the CKH for 0%, 1%, and 2% slope are 3.15×106, 3.56×106, and 3.93×106 toward KH with 3.47×106, 4.01×106, and 4.56×106 and PSO with 3.74×106, 4.27×106, and 4.72×106 HES, respectively.
Highlights
The development of vehicles based on internal combustion engines, especially automobiles, is one of the great achievements of human science and technology (Ghadimi, 2015; Haixiong et al, 2020; Firouz and Ghadimi, 2015)
This study presented an optimized methodology for optimal size selection of a battery and a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell to provide a hybrid energy system to supply the power demand of an intercity locomotive
The main purpose was to minimize the total cost of the hybrid energy system including the replacement cost of the fuel cell stack and the battery during the planning period
Summary
The development of vehicles based on internal combustion engines, especially automobiles, is one of the great achievements of human science and technology (Ghadimi, 2015; Haixiong et al, 2020; Firouz and Ghadimi, 2015). Low operating temperature (used as a driving force) and lack of pollutions such as sulfur (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), low vibration and noise, low efficiency depending on the size of the system, and a variety of fuel sources (renewable and non-renewable) are some of characteristics that turn Fuel cell as one of the popular options for replacing internal combustion engines and a viable solution to reduce energy and environmental problems caused by direct fossil fuel consumption in the future (Aghajani and Ghadimi, 2018; Liu et al, 2017). The main innovation of the present work is highlighted below: 1. Optimal configuration of a Hybrid Energy System for Locomotive Applications
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