An investigation into the source and spread of foot and mouth disease virus from a wildlife conservancy in Zimbabwe.

Animal products such as raw salted cowhide are thought to have the potential to transmit the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus from the infected zone. Indonesia imports raw salted cowhide from Malaysia, so it has the potential to transmit FMD to Indonesia which enters through Tanjung Priok Port. This study aimed to investigate the presence of the FMD virus in raw salted cowhide from Malaysia. The number of samples was collected from each container of raw salted cowhide imported through Tanjung Priok Port during August–December 2022. A total of 21 samples were obtained from 21 bulk containers containing raw salted cowhide. Real time q Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to investigate foot and mouth disease virus in samples. The RT-qPCR screening test on 21 samples reported that salted raw cowhide was free from the FMD virus. Continuous monitoring and surveillance protocols for salted rawhide imported from non-free countries need to be carried out at other points of entry.

Validation of binary ethyleneimine (BEI) used as an inactivant for foot and mouth disease tissue culture vaccine

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus: Quantification of whole virus particles during the vaccine manufacturing process by size exclusion chromatography

The prevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) serotypes SAT 1 and SAT 2 antibodies among Nigerian cattle was determined using complement fixation (CF) and neutralization tests (NT) in 2000 cattle sera obtained from nine northern states. The two serological tests were very specific and sensitive enough to detect and quantify the antibody levels in the infected animals. The disease prevalence by CF and NT were 46.79 and 53.15% respectively. These figures were lower than that obtained in 1987 (55%). Plateau and Bauchi States maintained the highest positive cases with SAT 1 virus serotype using CF (44.8 and 43.6%) and also using NT tests, (51.2 and 46.8%) respectively. For SAT 2 virus, Borno and Adamawa States had the highest prevalence with CF, (41.00 and 30.50%) and with NT (46.50 and 29.50%) respectively. These results are of economic significant, since the animals were not vaccinated against FMD. Further studies on other FMD virus serotypes in other states are advocated.

Objective of this work was to search for genome loci of various types of foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus, characterized by the lowest variability, to be used as genetic markers in the PCR-indication of the virus.Materials and methods. The resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and BLAST and Vector NTI 9.1.0 software utilities were employed in the research. Plasmid DNA with marker insertion was utilized for PCR amplification.Results and discussion. The nucleotide sequences of FMD virus genomes, the types A, Asia-1, C, O and SAT (1, 2 and 3), were analyzed. In the process of aligning of isolate genomes of each type, potentially conservative sites were identified. The comparison between these loci has revealed one most conserved locus, and the subsequent BLAST analysis has established its high specificity to FMD virus genome. Primers and a probe were selected for this locus. In addition, the oligonucleotide primers were selected for the three genes included in the cattle genome that are least homologous to the specific oligonucleotides. The primers/probe were used as internal control of amplification. To control the progress of amplification, a positive control has been developed that has a nucleotide sequence of the marker region of FMD virus genome. It was found out that genomes of certain virus isolates show high level of polymorphism in relation to PCR-probe (12 isolates by A, Asia-1, SAT1, and SAT2 serotypes). However, modifications of the PCR-probe (Pas FMDV and Psat FMDV) allow for elimination of the effect of such variability on the number of virus isolates identification. Nucleotide sequences of the primers, probes and positive controls are presented in the tables.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting livestock, caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). The North African region is vulnerable to transboundary diseases, and the livestock population at risk is substantial. The genetic diversity of FMDV in the region poses challenges for control measures, as vaccination or recovery from one serotype does not guarantee protection against others. The risk of disease introduction through illegal animal movement is leading North African countries to follow strict WOAH sanitary measures and animal movement controls. Algeria has faced multiple outbreaks, some linked to the illegal movement of animals across borders. Tunisia experienced outbreaks in 2014 and 2017, with genomic analysis indicating connections to West African countries. Libya encountered historical FMDV incursions, and despite control efforts, illegal animal movement and inadequate facilities posed challenges. Morocco reported outbreaks in 1991 and later in 2015, introducing vaccination strategies. Egypt’s FMD history showed multiple serotypes causing outbreaks. Control strategies include vaccination, compensation for affected farmers, and control measures such as disease notification, surveillance, and movement restrictions. The compensation rates for farmers vary depending on factors such as animal type and the approved compensation approach. In conclusion, the complexity of FMD control in North Africa, highlights the need for regional collaboration, effective control measures, and ongoing vigilance to mitigate the economic and health impacts of the disease.

This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle and identifying the potential risk factors associated with the disease among sedentary cattle in northern part of Plateau state, Nigeria. Two hundred and seventy cattle aged from 6 months to ?3 years old were randomly selected and identified and whole blood collected from the jugular vein using plain evacuated tubes. Whole blood was processed and separated and sera were screened for foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3D non-structural proteins using blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, 55.9% (95%CI: 49.96-61.77) FMD seroprevalence was obtained from the study area. Seroprevalence was highest in Riyom (82.5%), followed by Barkin Ladi (66.2%), Jos South (55.5%) and Bassa (41.2%) (x2 = 17.21, P<0.05). Risk factors for age, management system and location were significant associated (P<0.05) with seroprevalence of FMD. However, there was no significant association with sex (P>0.05). The prevalence odd ratio of FMD was more in Riyom than in Jos South, Barkin Ladi and Bassa (P<0.05). Prevalence odd ratio of FMD was more in extensively managed system relative to intensively managed system, more in adult cattle aged >2 years old. This study has indicated that FMD is an important disease among sedentary cattle in Northern Plateau, however little is currently known about the economic impact of the disease on the local farmers and their livelihoods. As a control measure, efforts should be improved on animal movement during outbreaks while prophylactic control using vaccination should be considered as another option using vaccines containing virus representative of the region.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 169-174

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals and one of the endemic diseases in Ethiopia. A study was conducted to determine foot and mouth disease virus seroprevalence and potential risk factors in welmera district, central Oromiya, Ethiopia. Purposive sampling was performed in the respective district and kebeles where there was recent history of outbreaks. A total of 126 sera samples were collected from randomly selected cattle and tested using ELISA for antibodies against nonstructural proteins of foot and mouth disease virus. The seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease virus infection in Welmera district was 49.2%. The result indicated that seropositivity of FMD infection FMD was higher in females (54%) than in males (46.1%) and this variation was statistically significant (χ2= 12.93, p = 0.001). The associations of seropositivity of FMD in relation to body condition score and management system were statistically significant (χ2= 5.34, p = 0.023, χ2= 6.7, p = 0.003) respectively. Age related seropositivity was not statistically significant (P>5%). Cross bred cattle were 2.17 (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 2.10 – 5.74) times more likely to be infected by FMD than local breeds. This showed that FMD infection is widely prevalent in the district. Therefore, foot and mouth disease control will depend on identifying virus serotypes circulating in the area and regular vaccination program.

Milk is seen as a chief source of protein and other biologically available nutrients for human beings. Pakistan, the fourth largest milk-producing country, is badly affected by the contagious transboundary apthoviral disease of ungulate animals; the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. FMD is endemic in Pakistan and has caused significant economic loss to the dairy industry in the form of a profound decrease in milk production and increased morbidity and deaths of dairy animals. Inclusively, the case fatality ratio of FMD was 15.11%. Of the seven FMDV serotypes, (O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3), three serotypes (O, A, and Asia-1) are endemic in Pakistan. Rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools are required for efficient control of this disease. Presently, FMD in the laboratory is diagnosed via ELISA and molecular approaches, i.e., RT-PCR. Serotype-specific RT-PCR analysis not only confirms ELISA serotyping results but can also be used for the screening of ELISA negative samples. Genotypically, FMDV serotype O has a topotype (Middle East–South Asia (ME–SA) and lineage PanAsia-2) that is reported frequently from different areas of Pakistan. Confirmed cases of serotype A and Asia-1 are also reported. The information gathered can be used for understanding the molecular epidemiology of FMD in Pakistan. Further studies on the molecular dynamics of FMD could be useful for ensuring the timely diagnosis of this deadly pathogen, which would ultimately be beneficial for the mass vaccination programs of FMD in Pakistan.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus was reported as an outbreak in Indonesia in April 2022 and belonged to serotype O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e is spread in the country. This study aimed to detect the causative agent based on clinical symptoms in cattle that have the vesicle in the mouth and hooves. A total of 25 samples were collected during August 2022 from Lamongan and Surabaya, Indonesia. FMD was identified in 58% (7/12) using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. The samples were performed using universal primers with 328 bp length for primary diagnosis of FMD. These findings indicate that the spread of FMD viruses is highly contagious, so rapid and accurate diagnosis is needed as an effort to control and monitor FMD viruses.

This research work was conducted for isolation, identification and serotyping of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) virus from the field isolates of Gouripur Upazila of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. Samples were collected from infected cattle in virus transportation medium and transported at the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh with maintain proper cool chain duringOctober to April 2012. Inocula were prepared from the collected samples and treated with antibiotics-antimycotics, preserved at -20°C for isolation and serotyping of the virus by antigen detecting ELISA method. After serotyping, the prepared inoculum was inoculated into 24hours confluent BHK-21 cell culture separately and incubated at 37°C for 48hours for development of CPE. Within 48hours of post infection, complete development of cytopathic effects (CPE) in BHK-21 cell culture were observed under inverted microscope which included the rounding and flattening of the cells, breaking down of the intracellular bridges and finally cell death which indicated the presence of FMD virus. Clear BHK-21 cell culture fluid was collected and preserved at -80°C as seed. Of the 20 samples, 15(75%) samples were found positive for FMDV in cell culture of which 13 samples of tongue epithelia (86.67%) and 2 samples of foot tissues (40%) were positive on the basis of cytopathic effects (CPE). Again the prepared inoculum was taken for serotyping the virus by ELISA method. On the basis of the result of ELISA, it was concluded that the serotype of the FMD virus of the collected field isolate was serotype “O”.

This study was conducted in five regional states of Ethiopia from January 2011 to March 2012 with the objective of identifying the serotypes of foot and mouth disease by molecular technique in Ethiopia. Epithelial tissue samples were collected from cattle and swine found in the foot and mouth disease outbreak areas of the country and submitted to the National Veterinary Institute, DebreZeit, Ethiopia and World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease, Pirbright, UK. Thus, virus isolation and serotype identification were performed. From a total of 59 samples, cytopathic effect was observed in 43 (72.88%) samples in BHK-21 cell culture. Serotyping of foot and mouth disease viruses were done by applying agarose gel-based RT-PCR at the National Veterinary Institute, and by cell culture ELISA at World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease. Serotype O was recorded throughout the country where outbreaks occurred. Regular investigation of foot and mouth disease outbreaks is important to have more detailed information on the serotypes and topotypes circulating in Ethiopia and for effective vaccine development. Key words: Ethiopia, foot and mouth disease (FMD), serotype.

Foot and Mouth Disease is a contagious viral disease of cattle and sheep, causing ulceration of the hoofs and around the mouth. The role of small ruminants in FMD epidemiology is still poorly understood in Nigeria. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) antibodies in sheep and goats slaughtered in Karu abattoir. One hundred and twenty (120) sera each were collected from both sheep and goats and screened for FMDV antibodies using 3ABC ELISA. The result showed that 89 (74.2) of the sheep sera screened were positive for FMDV antibodies whereas 103 (85.8) of the goat sera were positive. It was more prevalent in goats. The finding indicates a characteristic maintenance host nature for FMD virus in small ruminants without apparent clinical signs. This study suggested an on-going infection in small ruminant co-herding with cattle as a risk factor. This risk factor may enhance FMD transmission associated with increased movement of infected live animals from endemic states to markets and abattoirs following livestock trade activities. FMD is a Transboundary Animal Disease (TAD) affecting livestock production and disrupting regional and international trade in animals and animal products. The detection of FMD antibodies in sheep and goats slaughtered in Karu abattoir suggests small ruminants play important roles in the epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Nigeria. Good tracking of origin and proper surveillance system for FMD in animals brought into the abbatoir to be slaughtered are recommended for a comprehensive prevention and control of the disease.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a major Transboundary Animal Disease (TAD) which causes major economics losses to the developing countries. In Pakistan the disease is considered endemic and outbreaks are still being reported. Rapid diagnosis of the disease and Isolation of FMD virus is important to confirm viral subtyping and allow for the development of effective vaccines against the specific subtypes. Carrier animals are the major source of current outbreaks of FMD in Pakistan. Current study was planned and conducted for isolation of FMD virus from persistently infected animals by using LFBK cell line and comparison of LFBK and LFBK αVβ6 for isolation of FMDV isolates from recent FMD outbreaks. A total of 120 serum samples were collected from persistently infected riverine buffaloes and examined for the presence of FMD virus Non-Structural Proteins by using NSP-ELISA. Of 120 sera samples 23 animals were found positive for NSP’s. The Oro-pharyngeal fluids (OP) were collected from NSP-ELISA positive animals. The OP fluids samples were treated with Tri-cholo-Tri-flouro-Ethane (TTE) and inoculated onto LFBK cell line. Out of 23 OP fluid samples 11 exhibited CPE’s. A total of six (06) FMD viruses were confirmed by rRT-PCR and characterized by Indirect Sandwich ELISA as type O, Asia-1and A. The FMD virus isolates were acquired from FAO-UN project on FMD in Pakistan. All isolates were inoculated on both of the cell lines and observed for the development of CPEs. We found that the newly modified LFBK αVβ6 cell line exhibited CPEs more rapidly after 18-20 hours, while LFBK cell line CPEs developed after 24 to 48 hours. TCID50 calculated on LFBK αVβ6 was higher for the all the serotypes tested than LFBK cell line. Percentage of CPEs in LFBK αVβ6 per plate resulted higher than over LFBK cell line.

Efficient use of lactose for the lac promotercontrolled overexpression of the main antigenic protein of the foot and mouth disease virus in Escherichia coli under fed-batch fermentation conditions