An Internet of Things (IoT) based sustainable water management

Smart water management, driven by the integration of photovoltaic (PV)- powered pumps and the Internet of Things (IoT), represents a revolutionary approach to address the challenges of sustainable water resource management. This chapter explores the concept of "Smart Water Management: PV-Powered Pumps and IoT Integration," highlighting the transformative potential of combining solar energy with intelligent data-driven decision-making in water pumping systems. The chapter begins by tracing the evolution of water management practices, emphasizing the need for more sustainable and efficient approaches in the face of increasing water demands, population growth, and climate change. According to the United Nations World Water Development Report 2021, an estimated 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services, underscoring the urgency of sustainable water management solutions. It then focuses on the advantages of PV-powered pumps over conventional fossil fuel-based alternatives, including reduced carbon emissions, cost- effectiveness, and energy independence. Advancements in PV technology and its potential applications in smart water management are also discussed. The World Health Organization estimates that around 485,000 people die each year from diarrhea, primarily due to unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation, highlighting the need for improved water quality monitoring and management. The pivotal role of the Internet of Things in smart water management is explored, highlighting how IoT integrationelevates water pumping systems to new levels of intelligence and efficiency. Real- time data collection, remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive control mechanisms empower stakeholders with valuable insights for optimizing water usage and ensuring system reliability. Efficient water distribution and consumption, critical elements of smart water management, are addressed through IoT-enabled sensors and data analytics. Case studies demonstrate successful implementations of IoT-driven smart water distribution projects across various sectors. The chapter also delves into how IoT- enabled water quality monitoring enhances safety and supports environmental conservation efforts. Smart water management's impact on resilience and disaster management is examined, showcasing its ability to facilitate rapid response and recovery during emergencies. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) indicates that the deployment of solar PV for water pumping applications has the potential to save around3.6 billion liters of diesel fuel and avoid nearly 10 million tonnes of CO2emissions annually by 2030.Furthermore, the integration of PV-powered pumps with urban infrastructure and smart grids is explored to optimize water resources and enhance sustainable urban water management. The United Nations projects that by 2050, 68% of the world's population will reside in urban areas, further exacerbating water challenges. Smart water management powered by PV and IoT technologies offers a scalable and efficient approach to address the growing water demands of urbanization. The chapter concludes by discussing the policy and governance aspects necessary for scaling up smart water management practices. Regulatory frameworks, incentives, and public-private partnerships play a crucial role in fostering widespread adoption of PV-powered pumps and IoT integration for sustainable water management. In summary, "Smart Water Management: PV-Powered Pumps and IoT Integration" holds the promise of transforming water management practices. Leveraging solar energy and intelligent data-driven decision-making, smart water management enhances efficiency, conserves water resources, and mitigates environmental impact. Embracing this paradigm shift is vital in ensuring water security and resilience in the face of global water challenges and environmental concerns.

Chapter 12 - Sustainable water management in megacities of the future

Airports are an essential infrastructure to facilitate aviation. The substantial growth of aviation has led to a significant increase in water usage by airports. Airports also generate large volumes of wastewater that may include contaminants. Hence, understanding sustainable water management practices is essential in the aviation industry. In this study, an exploratory research design was utilized in the examination of the sustainable water management strategies and systems at Kansai International Airport from 2002 to 2016. The qualitative data were examined using document analysis as part of a case study. The quantitative data were analyzed using regression analysis as part of a longitudinal study. The airport has been able to reduce the total water consumption, water consumption per passenger, and water consumption per aircraft movement, even with increased traffic in recent years. The airport sources water from the municipal authorities and reclaims water for non-potable water uses. The airport conducts regular water quality tests which measure the Chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphates. The airport’s onsite wastewater processing centre processes all wastewaters, which discharges non-reclaimed water into Osaka Bay. With a decrease in water consumption, there has similarly been a decrease in the need to treat wastewater, while the reclaimed water ratio has increased over the period of the study.

As projections highlight that half of the global population will be living in regions facing severe water scarcity by 2050, sustainable water management policies and practices are more imperative than ever. Following the Sustainable Development Goals for equitable water access and prudent use of natural resources, emerging digital technologies may foster efficient monitoring, control, optimization, and forecasting of freshwater consumption and pollution. Indicatively, the use of sensors, Internet of Things, machine learning, and big data analytics has been catalyzing smart water management. With two-thirds of the global population to be living in urban areas by 2050, this research focuses on the impact of digitization on sustainable urban water management. More specifically, existing scientific literature studies were explored for providing meaningful insights on smart water technologies implemented in urban contexts, emphasizing supply and distribution networks. The review analysis outcomes were classified according to three main pillars identified: (i) level of analysis (i.e., municipal or residential/industrial); (ii) technology used (e.g., sensors, algorithms); and (iii) research scope/focus (e.g., monitoring, optimization), with the use of a systematic approach. Overall, this study is expected to act as a methodological tool and guiding map of the most pertinent state-of-the-art research efforts to integrate digitalization in the field of water stewardship and improve urban sustainability.

The present study attempts to assess the nature of effluents generated from textile bleaching and dyeing units located at Kalikapur area under Maheshtala region, West Bengal, India and to provide a sustainable management of ground water resources through installing CETPs with zero liquid discharge system. Effluent from medium, small and tiny units of this region is estimated at 2000 MLD. Studies with 40 units for 4 years (2012—2016) located in this area exhibited following mean values of different physic-chemical variables: pH (9), Biological Oxygen Demand (610 Mg/L), Chemical Oxygen Demand (1827 Mg/L), Total Dissolved Solids (6411 Mg/L), Total Suspend Solids (927 Mg/L) and toxic metals such as lead Pb (0.43 Mg/L), Chromium (0.031 Mg/L), Zinc (0.74 Mg/L), Nickel (0.07 Mg/L) and Cadmium (0.03 Mg/L). These finding of results surpass the standard allowable limits qualify by FAO (1985) and World Health Organization (2003). The waste water loaded with toxic trace metals is adversely affecting the environmental pollution and anthropomorphic eudemonia and also pollute the quality of both surface and ground water and consequently degraded agricultural and plant yield, vegetable and fruits and causes impairment to aquatic lives. Four to five Common Effluent Treatment Plants are urgently required to install at different areas of the Maheshtala cluster with a capacity of 500 MLD each, so that one in Kalikapur area, to manage sizeable volume of waste water (2000 MLD) and sustainable management of ground water resources in a thickly populated urban area near Calcutta, a principal city of India.

Mapping of groundwater availability in dry areas of rural and urban regions in India using IOT assisted deep learning classification model

Combining monitoring and modelling tools as a basis for city-scale concepts for a sustainable thermal management of urban groundwater resources

Sustainable water management requires maintaining the balance between the demand and supply, specifically addressing water demand in urban, agricultural, and natural systems. Having an insight on water supply forecasting and water consumption forecasting, will be useful to generate an optimal water distribution plan. A platform that targets the sustainable water management concepts for domestic usage and paddy cultivation is proposed in this paper, with the following components: (1) forecasting water levels of reservoirs, (2) forecasting water consumption patterns, and (3) optimizing the water distribution. We have used Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for forecasting modules and, Genetic Programming (GP) for optimizing water distribution. Our results show that, using our proposed modules, sustainable water management related services can be automated efficiently and effectively.

The utilisation of Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies in the implementation of intelligent water management systems has become an essential approach in tackling the growing need for sustainable water management. One of the primary obstacles in the creation of such systems pertains to the need to optimise energy efficiency, given the restricted power supply available in austere and remote settings. The Enhanced Energy Allocating Time Slots Mechanism (EEATSM) has been proposed as a potential solution to tackle the challenge of optimising energy consumption in IoT and WSN systems.
 The present study puts forth a proposition for the application of EEATSM in the context of intelligent water management systems, utilising the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies. The methodology employed in this study involves the implementation of a dynamic time slot allocation mechanism aimed at enhancing the efficiency of energy utilisation within the system. A systematic methodology for the implementation of EEATSM is presented, comprising of pertinent equations, models, and tables. The study showcases the outcomes of our experiments that exhibit the efficacy of EEATSM in curtailing energy consumption while simultaneously guaranteeing dependable data transmission in smart water management systems.
 The proposed implementation of Energy-Efficient Adaptive Time Synchronisation Method (EEATSM) has the potential to enhance the development of sustainable and efficient water management practises. This can facilitate the extensive deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) systems in environments that are remote and have limited resources. The present study has the potential to yield societal benefits through the enhancement of safe drinking water accessibility, reduction of operational expenses, and mitigation of environmental repercussions associated with water management practises. In general, this manuscript can offer perspectives on the advancement of energy-efficient strategies for intelligent water management systems utilising Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies.

To develop a sustainable and vibrant agricultural sector capable of meeting the food demands of the growing population, freshwater in agriculture must be used efficiently and effectively to ensure sustainable socio-economic development of the economy. Issues such as climate change, land degradation, water pollution and population growth among others will continue to influence sustainable water management and agricultural development in South Africa. The challenge facing South Africa is how to ensure water and food security in the face of recurring droughts, increasing urbanisation and decreasing freshwater resources. South Africa will need to understand the drivers influencing water management and agricultural development to develop improved methods for planning sustainable water management and agricultural development. This study made use of a participatory approach, which provided a valuable platform for the identification of drivers of change, their characteristics and relative importance regarding agricultural water resource management and agricultural development in South Africa through participation. The study identified and analysed 5 clusters and 37 drivers, and their relative importance in influencing water management agricultural development in South Africa. The study found that population growth; education, climate extremes, irrigation technology, land degradation, rainwater harvesting, government support, and land reform, mismanagement of public resources and net agricultural export were among the most influential drivers in agricultural water management. The implication of these results for sustainable agricultural water management is discussed.

Sustainability concerns and multiple socio-environmental pressures have necessitated a shift towards Sustainable Urban Water Management (SUWM) systems. Viewing SUWM systems as sociotechnical, this paper departs from eight factors previously identified by transition research: Pressures, Context, Purposes, Actors, Instruments, Processes, Outputs, and Outcomes as a methodological framework for a structured review of 100 articles. The study seeks to analyze empirical cases of planning and implementing SUWM systems worldwide. A wide range of public actors—driven by social and environmental factors rather than by economic pressures—have initiated SUWM projects so as to locally fulfill defined social and environmental purposes. We provide evidence on the emergence of new actors, such as experts, users, and private developers, as well as on the diverse and innovative technical and societal instruments used to promote and implement SUWM systems. We also explore their contexts and institutional capacity to deal with pressures and to mobilize significant financial and human resources, which is in itself vital for the transition to SUWM. Planned or implemented SUWM outputs are divided into green (wet ponds, raingardens, and green roofs) and gray (rain barrels and porous pavements) measures. The outcomes of SUWM projects—in terms of societal and technical learning, and their institutional uptakes—are often implicit or lacking, which seemingly reduces the rate of desirable change.

Assessment of employees' perceptions of approaches to sustainable water management by coal and iron ore mining companies

This research aims to explore the feasibility of adopting urban symbiosis for sustainable urban water reduction and management through a bibliometric analysis of key literature. A Scopus-based systematic review was conducted to analyse journal articles related to urban symbiosis, water management, and water reduction, with a focus on their intersection towards achieving sustainability. The outcomes of the systematic review were analysed using bibliometric techniques to examine the evolution of publications, identify leading journals, and determine the authors and countries which have published the most papers on the topic. The research also conceptualised the benefits, barriers, and enablers associated with adopting urban symbiosis for water reduction and management. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the potential implications and practical implications of urban symbiosis in the context of sustainable water management. The study contributes to the knowledge of the potential of urban symbiosis in addressing the challenges of water management in urban areas and gives insights to policymakers, urban planners, and practitioners interested in implementing sustainable water management practices in urban areas.

Management based on sustainable approaches increases the resilience of systems in which they are implemented. The following study explores the sustainability and efficiency of water management in the regions of Ukraine and the role of these factors in its resilient development. The study conducts a bibliometric analysis of sources on sustainable water management, a comprehensive assessment of water resource efficiency in the regions of Ukraine, identifies and maps regional differences, and analyzes their dynamics over the period 2016–2020. The assessment shows that almost half of the regions (48.3%) have sufficient water management efficiency, 40.8% are very high, and 10.9% are average. Most regions (79.2%) maintained the same level of water resource efficiency. The Kharkiv region was examined in-depth, revealing higher water losses during transport and municipal/household sectors than the national average. Based on the assessment’s results, a differentiated approach to sustainable water management should be taken, depending on the type of regions. For regions with a very high and sufficient level of water efficiency, strategies to maintain the achieved positions should be implemented, while for regions with an average level of efficiency, strategies to improve the respective indices should be implemented. These research findings and policy recommendations can be utilized to guide policy-makers aiming to enhance the economic mechanism of sustainable water management at regional and national levels and improve their resilience to face the intensifying challenges.

Rapid population growth and industrial expansion are putting immense pressure on global water resources, making sustainable management a critical challenge. Traditional water quality assessment, which relies on manual sampling and laboratory testing, is often slow, labor-intensive, and fails to provide the real-time data needed to prevent contamination events. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the role of Internet of Things (IoT) innovations in developing smart water and sustainable wastewater management systems. We synthesize recent trends and technological advancements, examining the core components of modern smart water systems. This includes the integration of various sensors (e.g., pH, turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), BOD, and COD), data transmission via wireless networks (such as LoRa, NB-IoT, and Wi-Fi), and the utilization of cloud and edge computing for data processing and visualization. Furthermore, this review explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for predictive analytics and anomaly detection. Key applications are surveyed, including real-time monitoring for municipal supplies, industrial effluent, agricultural irrigation, and smart-metering for consumption analysis. The analysis highlights significant advantages, such as real-time alerts, reduced manual labor, and improved public health. However, the paper also addresses critical challenges, including high initial costs, the need for frequent sensor calibration, and dependencies on stable power and internet connectivity. This review concludes that IoT-based systems are vital tools for achieving efficient water management and supporting global objectives like the UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG-6).