An integrative and dynamic approach for monographing species-rich plant groups – Building the global synthesis of the angiosperm order Caryophyllales

In 2016 the United Nations published the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It quickly became clear that information is a catalyst for almost every goal, and enhancing information access is necessary to achieve and ultimately improve global community life. The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is therefore an invaluable resource for redressing inequallities as it provides information and literature as an open access library. But there are also still hurdles to overcome to ensure information for all. In the following, we will focus on technical developments outlined in the BHL’s technical strategy. One challenge is the different digital infrastructures resulting in limited access to the web-based BHL. In 2019, only 53.6% of the global population accessed the internet (Clement 2020). Even if the reasons for this are diverse, we assume that network coverage is a problem we have to address. One focus of the BHL's technical strategy is to support and provide solutions for remote areas with no or low bandwidth connection. Furthermore the technical strategy focuses on the provision of services and tools for various usage scenarios by implementing a responsive design. In 2019, mobile devices, such as mobile phones and tablets, accounted for 54% of all page views worldwide (Poleshova 2020). Even though a differentiated view must be taken of which devices are used for which scenario, it can be assumed that mobile devices will be used more frequently in everyday scientific life, for example in field research. By a responsive design of the BHL website, we address this trend in technological development and media usage in order to remain a user-friendly research infrastructure in the future. Another challenge is the multilingual user experience. The multilingualism of BHL will become an essential part of the technological development to address the global biodiversity community and to reflect the worldwide biodiversity research. We aim to achieve this through a multilingual user interface and multilingual search options. The services and tools mentioned above require a high quality database, especially machine-readable text. The improvement of optical character recognition (OCR) is fundamentally important for further technological developments. Good OCR results ensure a comprehensive search in the entire corpus, and with further technological possibilities, data could be added that goes beyond the pure text. Currently taxonomic names are parsed and linked to the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL), giving users the opportunities to search for taxonomic synonyms. In the future, this enrichment could be used for more data, such as collection data, geographical names, etc. In the challenge of improving and enriching the data, the BHL will depend on its large community, for example in crowdsourcing transcription projects. In order to reach those objectives and to continue to offer BHL's services to the global community in the best possible way, we need to monitor best practices in digital library and bioinformatics developments and implement them wherever possible. The BHL consortium will have to rely on partnerships and collaborations to fulfill this plan. We are therefore looking into cooperation with other consortia and will also explore alternative technological development models where third parties would develop apps and services from open BHL data. Taking all the mentioned approaches into account, the BHL will develop from a mainly literature library to a data library. It will be our task to create open source software and tools, like better APIs, to support the re-use of the data. This goes along with the aim to increase the awareness of the BHL within the biodiversity community as it is set in the BHL Strategic Plan 2020-2025 (Biodiversity Heritage Library 2020). To draw a conclusion, the BHL's technical strategy focuses on five main objectives to advance information access for the biodiversity community worldwide: Improve global awareness and accessibility Enhance machine-readability of BHL content for data re-use Identify resources needed to achieve the technical plan Ensure continued priorities and leadership for technical infrastructure Implement BHL 2020 Technical Priority Plan (Biodiversity Heritage Library 2020). Improve global awareness and accessibility Enhance machine-readability of BHL content for data re-use Identify resources needed to achieve the technical plan Ensure continued priorities and leadership for technical infrastructure Implement BHL 2020 Technical Priority Plan (Biodiversity Heritage Library 2020). The principle of our work is to adapt BHL to current technological, scientific and social developments in order to provide the global community with the best possible research tool for biodiversity research and to enhance the achievement of the SDGs.

Biodiversity conservation and management call for rapid and accurate global assessments at the species level [...].

Corporate biodiversity accounting and reporting in mega-diverse countries: An examination of indicators disclosed in sustainability reports

Концепция классификации растительности России как отражение современных задач фитоценологии

Mountains occupy 24% of the global land surface area and are home to 12% of the world's population. They have ecological, aesthetic, and socioeconomic significance, not only for people living in mountain areas, but for those living beyond. Mountains need specific attention for their contribution to global goods and services, especially by developing and implementing mountain specific policies. Conservation policies have evolved from the protection of charismatic species, to habitat and ecosystem/landscape conservation, and, finally, to people‐oriented conservation approaches. This paper, with particular reference to paradigm shifts in the Hindu Kush‐Himalayan (HKH) region, discusses the evolution of conservation policies, developments in conservation practices, the status of protected area management, wetland conservation initiatives and the landscape approach, community‐based conservation initiatives, and the convergence of policies and practices. In the HKH region, conservation efforts now adopt participatory approaches, implement policies of decentralised governance for biodiversity management, and empower local communities in biodiversity management. The paradigm shift in the policies and practices related to conservation has been gradual and has included the acceptance of communities as an integral part of national level conservation initiatives, together with the integration of many global conventions. There are many successful pilots in the HKH region that deserve upscaling by the countries from the region. Realising the importance of mountains as hotspots of biodiversity, and due to their role as providers of global goods and services, the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Programme of Work on Mountain Biodiversity. Such a decision specific to mountains provides enormous opportunities for both conservation and development. Recent challenges posed by climate change need to be integrated into overall biodiversity conservation and management agendas, especially in mountain areas. The HKH region has been identified as a blank spot for data by the Inter‐Governmental Panel on Climate Change, indicating the need to develop regional database and sharing mechanisms. This is a tall task, but one that holds enormous opportunity for the HKH countries and institutions with regional mandates to address the emerging challenges of climate change on biodiversity conservation by reducing scientific uncertainty.

Invasive plant suppresses charismatic seabird – the construction of attitudes towards biodiversity management options

This introductory chapter provides an overview of mainstreaming biodiversity in corporate actions through their actions and policies which also include various innovative approaches for achieving sustainable growth. It illustrates the interlinkages of the research areas in the corporate biodiversity management field and different application focus areas covered in the corporate biodiversity studies globally. It addresses the prospects and challenges of corporate biodiversity management, underpinning the questions arises why there is a need for biodiversity management, and what are the key drivers for biodiversity management to be focused by the corporate? The multi-tier interactions involving different stakeholders associated with biodiversity conservation and management are discussed and emphasizes on the need for assessment of action plans and policies that could play a significant role and covers different approaches towards sustainability in reality. These discussions will lead the way to future directions and actions towards the integration of biodiversity management in industries and corporate decision-making strategies.

Management of Kruger National Park (KNP) has recently made considerable progress in developing new policies to address biodiversity conservation and management challenges. These include tourism, water provision and elephant management policies. This study examines the integration of these three policies with regard to biodiversity conservation and management. Findings indicate that in their current fragmented form, the three policies actually undermine opportunities for effective biodiversity conservation and management in the KNP. This can be reversed by adopting a new management approach based on an environmental matrix organizational framework. Such a framework provides a mechanism for integrated policymaking and implementation and for improving biodiversity conservation and management in the KNP. The study concludes that an integrated approach is necessary due to the interlinkages between policies that affect biodiversity conservation at the KNP.

Economic valuation for the conservation of marine biodiversity

Indigenous and local communities’ Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is a priceless source of information about animal behaviour, habitat, and traditional uses of wildlife. As the knowledge has grown and passed from one generation to another, it has played a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation. Nevertheless, blending TEK with zoology studies in intellectual property rights (IPR) poses separate challenges as well as benefits. The article explores the intricate relationship between TEK and IPR by emphasizing the significance of preserving this knowledge for its continuous contribution to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. The research seeks to provide an extensive analysis of different legal frameworks such as international agreements and national laws that protect TEK. It further underscores the implementation of sui generis systems that are tailored specifically for traditional knowledge which cannot be categorized under any conventional IPR. This paper also provides practical examples of how TEK can be interwoven with other forms of knowledge to enhance scientific research and conservation. Illustrations are provided here about why benefit-sharing arrangements must recognize Indigenous people and local communities’ contributions. Among other important aspects, such agreements should lead to financial compensations, support capacity development efforts, provide co-authorship opportunities as well as promote technology transfer thus effectively empowering these communities. Besides; the research under discussion highlights several ethical issues that come into play while using TEK including showing respect for cultural values and customary laws held by those who own such knowledge. It therefore calls for an inclusive approach that encourages the development of trust and mutual respect among scholars and indigenous peoples. To this end, the article offers comprehensive techniques that will help improve the safeguarding of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), to establish legally robust yet ethically considerate policies that preserve its relevance in zoological research and biodiversity conservation today.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 生物多样性与生态系统服务——关系、权衡与管理 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201803160519 作者: 作者单位: 中国林业科学研究院,中国林业科学研究院,中国林业科学研究院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题（2016YFD060020602） Relationships and trade-offs between, and management of biodiversity and ecosystem services Author: Affiliation: Chinese Academy of Forestry,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Chinese Academy of Forestry Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:生物多样性和生态系统服务是人类生存和社会经济可持续发展的物质基础，应对生物多样性丧失和生态系统服务退化问题已经成为继气候变化之后的又一个全球性环境热点问题。生物多样性是生态系统生产力、稳定性、抵抗生物入侵以及养分动态的主要决定因素，生物多样性越高，生态系统功能性状的范围越广，生态系统服务质量就越高越稳定。目的是探讨生物多样性和生态系统服务之间的关系：（1）明确了生物多样性与生态系统过程、功能、服务之间的关系；（2）生物多样性在生态系统服务中的角色：生物多样性在不同的空间尺度通过各种形式的运行机制与生态系统服务产生联系，生物多样性是生态系统过程的调节者，是巩固生态系统服务的一个重要因素，生物多样性也是一种终极的生态系统服务，并在遗传和物种水平上直接贡献了其利益和价值；（3）生物多样性与生态系统服务权衡和协同关系的研究可以更好的帮助管理人员做出有利的决策和保护工作，也是制定规划和适应策略以减少生物多样性危机带来的不利影响的基础；（4）生物多样性与生态系统服务的关系在不同的时间和空间尺度上是不恒定的，有必要共同确定生态系统服务和生物多样性的空间格局，以有效和可持续的进行生态系统管理；（5）虽然生物多样性保护和生态系统管理还存在许多不确定性，但相关理论应该在管理、保护和恢复生态系统中发挥重要作用。研究提出了进一步研究的领域，以促进生物多样性保护和生态系统服务提供之间的协同作用。希望对相关领域的研究有所帮助。 Abstract:Biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) are the material basis for the sustainable development of human survival and socio-economics, biodiversity loss and ES degradation have become hot global environmental issues following climate change. Biodiversity is a major determining factor for ecosystem productivity, stability, resistance to biological invasions, and nutrient dynamics. ES shows a high-level of quality and stability at high-levels of biodiversity and ecosystem function. We therefore aim to explore the relationships between biodiversity and ES. It is important to clarify the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem processes, functions, and services. The role that biodiversity plays in ES can be resolved by recognising that different relations exist at the various levels of the ES hierarchy: Biodiversity is the regulator of ecosystem processes and an important factor in consolidating ES, biodiversity is also an ultimate ES and directly contributes to their interests and values at the genetic and species level. Improving the understanding of key relationships between biodiversity and ES provisions will help guide effective management and protection strategies. Research on the tradeoffs and synergies of biodiversity and ES can help managers make favorable decisions for protection, and it is also the basis for planning adaptation strategies to reduce adverse effects of a biodiversity crisis. The link between biodiversity and ES is not constant across different temporal and spatial scales, so it is necessary to jointly determine the spatial patterns of ES and biodiversity for an effective and sustainable plan for ecosystem management. Although there are still many uncertainties in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management, theory should play an important role in managing, conserving, and restoring ecosystems. The issues discussed here should receive further attention in the context of the multiple goals for sustainable management. Lastly, further research was concluded by proposing areas for the fostering of conservation synergies between biodiversity and ES. It is expected to be helpful for future research in related fields. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Forest biodiversity is crucial for the survival of local communities in Mahakam Ulu District, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, especially for the Punan Dayak, Bahau Bateq Hwang Lung Gelawang, and Bakumpai Dayak tribes who live in the Ratah Watershed area. For generations, local communities in the Ratah Watershed have had local wisdom to protect the resources in the forest around them. Unfortunately, various problems threaten the existence of forest biodiversity in the Ratah Watershed. The purpose of this study is to show the identification results of the potential, utilization, and management of biodiversity according to local communities in Mahakam Ulu District, East Kalimantan Province, and the threats faced. The data was obtained through interviews with key informants, FGDs, participatory mapping, and field observations with the people of Nyari Bungan Village, Long Gelawang Village, Danum Paroy Village, and Muara Ratah Village. The result of the study indicated that local communities in the Ratah Watershed find it more inconvenient to utilize forest resources because of the diminishing potential for biodiversity. The low level of welfare, unclear village boundaries, overlapping village areas with private companies (timber companies, oil palm) are the main problems. Conservation of biodiversity from forests in the Ratah Watershed requires the cooperation of various parties, especially in increasing community capacity in managing forest resources for better environment.

Yonglong Lu James M. Bullock The massive and ongoing loss of biodiversity comprises a social and environmental emergency that the world’s governments must urgently address. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) global assessment has warned that biodiversity is declining faster than at any time in human history. To this end, the 15th Conference of Parties (COP 15) for Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Kunming, China this October will focus on developing a post-2020 global biodiversity framework to replace the 2011–2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets). Given the failure to meet previous policy targets, how can the global scientific community provide strong science-based evidence to improve biodiversity conservation as well as address conflicts with the demands of an increasing human population? In this special collection, leading conservation scientists identify grand challenges for biodiversity conservation, conflicts, and trade-offs between conservation and the exploitation of natural resources, and strategies for sustainable utilization and management of biodiversity at global, regional, or national scales. A solid science foundation can better inform recommendations for the development and implementation of the post-2020 Biodiversity Agenda. The special collection papers contribute to this grand aim, by providing insights into the following issues. While the roles of individual threats to biodiversity, including climate change, habitat loss, and pollution, are well documented, much less is known …

High quality checklists of species are important in biodiversity data to help answer what and how many species are present in a country or a region, and they are often used as backbones in biodiversity databases. Catalogue of Life, China (CoL-China), hosted by the Species 2000 China Node in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has published 16 annual versions since 2008, and these have been used very widely in China for supporting biodiversity research, conservation decisions and citizen science. Taxonomic data quality is one of the reasons for its popularity, due to a systematic workflow that guarantees quality control. Our goals of quality management are to ensure that the contents of the CoL-China comply with the standard of the global Catalogue of Life (CoL), ensure that data items such as the taxonomy system, accepted names, Chinese names, common names, synonyms, distributions, literature, and data sources are complete and accurate, improve the scientific value and reliability of CoL-China, and ensure the smooth release of each annual version.

Habitat loss and anthropogenic climate change are primary threats to global biological diversity and ecosystem stability. International efforts to halt the effects of climate change and to slow the loss of biodiversity are now focused on the tropical biome. Specifically, and in recognition of the substantial contribution to climate warming made by deforestation in developing countries, the UN-REDD+ programme has been established to provide incentives for stopping tropical deforestation. This programme also places emphasis on rewarding measures for the conservation of biodiversity. However, the effective integration of carbon storage and biodiversity conservation goals in countries participating in the REDD+ programme will require greater research effort. In particular, in order to maximize our chances of preserving biological diversity, it will be essential to consider diversity at a population level, as well as at a species and ecosystem level. Phylogeographic studies should be an integral part of this population-level research effort as they can be used to document regional biological diversity, provide baseline genetic data to monitor changes in genetic diversity, allow the identification of evolutionary refugia, and provide evolutionary context for current patterns of diversity. The REDD+ initiative has the potential to provide an internationally well-supported framework for reducing forest habitat loss and protecting tropical diversity, and may, therefore, provide the impetus needed for increased biodiversity research effort. In conjunction with the recent development of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), phylogeographic research may now be considered more explicitly in the development of national environmental policies and in planning for biodiversity conservation.