Abstract
An integrated model WHCNS (soil Water Heat Carbon Nitrogen Simulator) was developed to assess water and nitrogen (N) management in North China. It included five main modules: soil water, soil temperature, soil carbon (C), soil N, and crop growth. The model integrated some features of several widely used crop and soil models, and some modifications were made in order to apply the WHCNS model under the complex conditions of intensive cropping systems in North China. The WHCNS model was evaluated using an open access dataset from the European International Conference on Modeling Soil Water and N Dynamics. WHCNS gave better estimations of soil water and N dynamics, dry matter accumulation and N uptake than 14 other models. The model was tested against data from four experimental sites in North China under various soil, crop, climate, and management practices. Simulated soil water content, soil nitrate concentrations, crop dry matter, leaf area index and grain yields all agreed well with measured values. This study indicates that the WHCNS model can be used to analyze and evaluate the effects of various field management practices on crop yield, fate of N, and water and N use efficiencies in North China.
Highlights
An integrated model WHCNS was developed to assess water and nitrogen (N) management in North China
Examples of models used around the world include WOFOST13, DAISY14, HERMES15, EPIC16, DNDC17, RZWQM18, DSSAT19, APSIM20, WNMM21, SPACSYS22, HYDRUS1D23
Li et al.[30] adopted the DNDC model to simulate the impacts of alternative management practices on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the North China Plain (NCP), and suggested that manure application or crop residue incorporation rather than increasing N fertilizer application rate would more efficiently mitigate GHG emissions from the cropping system
Summary
An integrated model WHCNS (soil Water Heat Carbon Nitrogen Simulator) was developed to assess water and nitrogen (N) management in North China. This study indicates that the WHCNS model can be used to analyze and evaluate the effects of various field management practices on crop yield, fate of N, and water and N use efficiencies in North China. Chen et al.[31] studied the effects of climate variability and water management on crop water productivity using the WOFOST model in the NCP, and recommending irrigation strategies for wheat and maize. These models are more limited in their representation of soil processes. This reliance originates from significant past efforts to build model components, but this limits the evolution of the code toward more modern Windows and internet based implementation[32]
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