An Integrated Index of Electrical Energy Use in Canadian Agriculture with Implications for Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Present day European legislation focuses upon the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in buildings through better design and technological solutions, with a view to reduce operational energy use and embodied GHG emissions. Currently, environmental performance assessment tools for buildings lack in assessing these parameters over the entire lifecycle of a building. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a well-established methodology that gives a clear insight into the potential environmental impacts during the service life of a building. However, architect, engineer and constructor (AEC) professionals consider LCA as complex and time consuming. This paper builds upon a methodology for the development of a parametric analysis tool (PAT), which comprehensively assesses operational energy use and embodied GHG emissions during the lifecycle of a building. In this phase of the PAT’s development, the complexity of the tool has been increased by expanding the number of parameters from four (i.e. insulation thickness, window types, North façade glazing area and South façade glazing area) to seven (i.e. climatic zones, solar shading and electricity emission factors). This has increased the amount of parametric permutations from 1,372 to 12,348. The PAT has been applied to a conceptual two-storey single-family house, developed by the Norwegian ZEB Research Centre, which is assumed to be in either Oslo (Norway) or Lecce (Italy). The results show that the choice of insulation thickness influences total energy use less than the selection of shading types or glazing areas. The results also show the parametric selection with the least amount of operational energy use (34kWh/m2/yr) in the Lecce climate consists of triple-glazed windows (0.5W/m2k), 10m2 of glazing on the north façade, 20m2 of glazing on the south facade. The results show the parametric selection with the lowest total GHG emissions in the Oslo climate (7.8kgCO2eq/m2/yr) consists of triple glazing (0.5W/m2k), 10m2 of glazing on the north facade and 20m2 glazing on the south facade. This is because a lower electricity emission factor (132gCO2eq/kWh for Norway and 290gCO2eq/kWh for Italy) was used for converting operational energy use to GHG emissions, even though the Oslo climate has a higher heating demand compared to Lecce. In conclusion, this paper shows how complex design options can be evaluated in a holistic way through PAT to ascertain the best selection of design criteria for low GHG emissions and low operational energy use.

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D. and R. de recherche et de en 2700 Einstein Street, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; Inc., des Street, QC Canada; and Centre de recherche en Québec, QC G1V Canada. the potential and of fusarium head blight in the of Canada, using and and conditions. K. and Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; Saskatoon Research Centre, AAFC, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada; Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada; Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; and Department of Food, and Science, Centre, University of Edmonton, AB Canada. Biological control of potato and F. Daayf. Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. and treatments for control of stem [Botrytis cinerea] on greenhouse tomato. and S. Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box BC Canada. and of rabiei populations on chickpea in S. and S. Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. from onion with postharvest A. and A.C. Plant Science University, Road, QC Canada. fungal in spruce by and V. and M. de recherche en Street, QC Canada. of plant pathogenic Streptomyces on potato in A. and G. Lazarovits. Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A Canada; and Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, 1391 Street, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. of seed in the of pathogenic Streptomyces in soil and development of potato A. and G. Lazarovits. Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A Canada; and Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, 1391 Street, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. of of in Alberta. H. Wang, S.F. Hwang, K.F. Chang, G.D. and R.J. Howard. Alberta Research Council, Bag 4000, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (K.F.C.) Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AAFRD), Lacombe, AB T4L Canada; and (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, AAFRD, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. to and of the resistance gene to in wheat S. Wang, and Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Road, P.O. Box SK Canada. expression of in potato with and of Phytophthora X. Wang, A. El Hadrami, and F. Daayf. Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Effect of on and leaf blight of S.M. and M.R. Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, P.O. Box Simcoe, ON N3Y 4N5, Canada. Forest pathogens or and S.F. Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. of and of barley in to K. C. J. T. and P. Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada. Evaluation of of resistance to powdery mildew in field and Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; Cereal Research Centre, AAFC, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada; and Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. Effect of on incidence of Fusarium in spring wheat in Ontario. J. J. C. G.J. Y. Chen, and F. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; New Research Station, Box Street, New ON Canada; 506 Street R.R. ON 1J0, Canada; and ON Canada. of Fusarium head blight in C. Y. Chen, F. and M. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. of on incidence of Fusarium in of in Ontario. D.T. F. and Y. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; and Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada. Effect of to on bacterial D. Rioux, M. J. and R.J. Tweddell. Centre de recherche en horticulture, de Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S. Street, P.O. Box 3800, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada. of from to D. Rioux, M. J. and R.J. Tweddell. Centre de recherche en horticulture, de Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S. Street, P.O. Box 3800, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada. of resistance to stem rust in of T. T. and L. Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; and Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. of in by polymerase chain J.X. Zhang, W.G.D. Fernando, and Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. of genes for and in Pseudomonas Y. and W.G.D. Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.

Événement(s) lié(s) : - Réunion annuelle de la Société canadienne de phytopathologie; Québec (FRA) - (2006)

Energy-related activities are a major contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A growing body of knowledge clearly depicts the links between human activities and climate change. Over the last century the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil and other human activities has released carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and other heat-trapping GHG emissions into the atmosphere and thus increased the concentration of atmospheric CO2 emissions. The main human activities that emit CO2 emissions are (1) the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity, accounting for about 37% of total U.S. CO2 emissions and 31% of total U.S. GHG emissions in 2013, (2) the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel to transport people and goods, accounting for about 31% of total U.S. CO2 emissions and 26% of total U.S. GHG emissions in 2013, and (3) industrial processes such as the production and consumption of minerals and chemicals, accounting for about 15% of total U.S. CO2 emissions and 12% of total ...

Biological control of seedling damping-off with fish emulsion derived from menhaden fish. P.A. Abbasi, K.L. Conn, R. Earl, and G. Lazarovits. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Fungitoxicity of smoke from some Ghanaian medicinal plants. R. Addai. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box KS 13128, Adum, Kumasi, Ghana. Efficacy of OxiDateTM for control of potato storage pathogens. K.I. Al-Mughrabi. Potato Development Centre, New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture, 39 Barker Lane, Wicklow, NB E7L 3S4, Canada. Biological control of Carthamus lanatus in Australia. G.J. Ash, N.S. Crump, A. Breen, E. Anschaw, R.O. Kennedy, J.D.I. Harper, A. Nikandrow, and D. Hailstones. Farrer Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (A.N.) Orange Agricultural Institute, New South Wales (NSW) Agriculture, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia; and (D.H.) Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Agriculture, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia. Assessment of resistance to late blight within primitive cultivated Andigena potato lines. P. Audy, T. Somerville, and T. Mossman. Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada. Validation of impaction-type spore sampler as a tool to estimate inoculum of Uncinula necator. R. Bacon, B. Talbot, and O. Carisse. (R.B., O.C.) Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; and (R.B., B.T.) Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Université Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada. Identification and detection of fungi associated with root rot of soybean seedling in Eastern Canada. T. Barasubiye, C.A. Lévesque, A. Tenuta, S. Rioux, K. Seifert, T.R. Anderson, and E. Cober. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.T.) Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 400, Main Street, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada; (S.R.) Centre de recherche sur les grains, 2700 Einstein Street, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; and (T.R.A.) Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada. Genetic diversity between Melampsora spp., causal agents of foliar rusts. M.J. Bergeron, M. Bourassa, D.L. Joly, and R.C. Hamelin. Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada. Molecular diagnosis of Phytophthora ramorum by realtime polymerase chain reaction, using Taqman®, SybrGreen, and Molecular beacons. G. Bilodeau, C.A. Lévesque, A.W.A.M. De Cock, G. Kristjansson, J. McDonald, and R.C. Hamelin. Natural Resources Canada, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; (C.A.L.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.W.A.M.D.C.) Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands; and (G.K., J.M.) Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K2H 8P9, Canada. Première observation du Melampsora larici-populina au Canada. M. Bourassa, L. Innes, L. Marchand, P. Frey et R.C. Hamelin. Service canadien des forêts, Ressources naturelles du Canada, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; (L.I., L.M.) Direction de la conservation des forêts, ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; et (P.F.) Institut national de la recherche agronomique – Nancy, Unité de pathologie forestière, 54280 Champenoux, France. Spatial distribution of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis within the tree canopy.O. Carisse and D. Rolland. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur- Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Incidence of iprodione-insensitive isolates of Botrytis squamosa. O. Carisse and M. Tremblay. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. The significance of ethylene in the interaction between Nicotiana tabacum and Colletotrichum destructivum. N. Chen, P.H. Goodwin, and T. Hsiang. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Interactions between weakly and highly virulent strains of Leptosphaeria maculans, leading to induced resistance to black leg in canola. Y. Chen and W.G.D. Fernando. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Optimization of geldanamycin production by Streptomyces melanosporofaciens strain EF-76, a biocontrol agent of plant diseases. N. Clermont and C. Beaulieu. Centre d’étude et de valorisation de la diversité microbienne, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada. Reduction of potato scab with volatile fatty acids and acidified liquid swine manure in soil amendments. K.L. Conn, P.A. Abbasi, Y. Lin, and G. Lazarovits. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Genetic and chemical control of Rhizoctonia solani on chickpea. E.B. Connor and R. Hall. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. M13 DNA fragment as an external control to normalize quantification of fungal DNA from soil by real-time polymerase chain reaction. A.L. Dauch, A.K. Watson, and S.H. Jabaji-Hare. Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. A satellite double-stranded RNA in hypovirulent isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. F. Deng and G.J. Boland. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on postharvest blue and gray molds of apples and pears. D. Errampalli. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Vineland Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Vineland, ON L0R 2E0, Canada. Fusarium spp. in residues of cereal and noncereal crops grown in rotation in eastern Saskatchewan. M.R. Fernandez, P.G. Pearse, and G. Holzgang. Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada; and (P.G.P., G.H.) Saskatchewan Agriculture, Food and Rural Revitalization, 3085 Albert Street, Regina, SK S4S 0B1, Canada. Impact of rotation sequence on common root rot of wheat in the Brown soil zone of western Canada. M.R. Fernandez and R.P. Zentner. Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada. Temperature sensitivity of resistance genes to oat stem rust. T. Fetch. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Potential role of lipid-transfer proteins in resistance to snow mould in winter wheat. D.A. Gaudet, M. Frick, S. Huang, N. Foroud, B. Puchalski, T. Despins, F. Eudes, and A. Laroche. Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Pathotypes of Cochliobolus sativus in Manitoba. H. Ghazvini and A. Tekauz. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Persistence of Ascochyta rabiei in chickpea residue in Saskatchewan. B.D. Gossen. Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada. Effect of tillage management on diseases of canola in Saskatchewan. B.D. Gossen and H.R. Kutcher. Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. Soluble invertase, and not invertase bound to cell wall, supplies hexose from wheat to powdery mildew. D.L. Greenshields, F. Wang, G. Selvaraj, and Y. Wei. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; and (G.S.) Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. Characterization of Rhizoctonia solani infecting lettuce in Germany. R. Grosch, J.H.M. Schneider, and A. Kofoet. Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Echtermeyer Weg 1, D-14979 Großbeeren, Germany; and (J.H.M.S.) Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands. Fungi associated with the European pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda, in southern Ontario. G. Hausner, C.N. Davis, E.A. Gibb, J. Reid, and A.A. Hopkin. Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (C.N.D., A.A.H.) Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen Street, Sault Sainte Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada; and (J.R.) Senior Scholar, Department of Botany, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Godronia canker of lowbush blueberry. P.D. Hilderbrand, W.E. Renderos, R.J. Davies, and K.B. McRae. Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. Use of polymerase chain reaction – single–strand conformational polymorphism analysis to monitor impacts of biocontrol agents on selected microbial populations in soybean crops.R. Hogue, E. Plante, I. Larouche, R. Jeannotte, and N. Daigle. Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement, 2700, rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; and (R.J.) Department of Natural Resources Sciences, Université McGill, Sainte- Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. Confirmation of the role of ascospores in field epidemics of speckled leaf blotch of wheat in Manitoba. C. Hoorne, L. Lamari, and G.M. Ballance. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Effects of seeding rate, seeding depth, and seed infection on mycosphaerella blight and seed yield of field pea. S.F. Hwang, R.L. Conner, K.F. Chang, G.D. Turnbull, R.J. Howard, and S.F. Blade. Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (R.L.C.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; (K.F.C.) Food and Rural Development, Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; (R.J.H.) Food and Rural Development, Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture, Brooks AB T1R 1E6, Canada; and (S.F.B.) Food and Rural Development, Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture, Edmonton, AB T5J 4K3, Canada. Effect of antagonistic fungi on the production of perithecia of Gibberella zeae on wheat residue. S. Inch and J. Gilbert. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Characterization of Phoma lingam isolates recovered from Canadian accessions of Thlaspi arvense. M.R. Islam, B. Koopmann, R.K. Gugel, and G. Séguin-Swartz. Institute for Plant Pathology and Plant Protection, Georg- August-Universität Göttingen Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and (R.K.G., G.S.-S.) Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada Influence of inoculum sources on cultivar susceptibility to apple scab. T. Jobin, P. Neumann, and O. Carisse. Département des sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; and (O.C.) Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Photosynthesis, net carbon gain, and growth of hydroponic bell peppers (Capsicum annuum ‘Cubico’) following root infection by Pythium aphanidermatum. M. Johnstone, S. Chatterton, J. Sutton, and B. Grodzinski. Department of Plant Agriculture University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (S.C., J.S.) Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Local and systemic induced resistance to the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato by different doses of chemicals and its comparison with a biological control agent (Paenibacillus polymyxa). H.U. Khan and Y.H. Kim. Pakistan Science Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan; and (Y.H.K.) School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea. Cultural control of sclerotinia rot of carrot by lateral clipping of carrot canopy. C. Kora, M.R. McDonald, and G.J. Boland. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (M.R.M) Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Metabolic fingerprinting, using mass ions to discriminate diseases of potato.A.C. Kushalappa, L.H. Lui, A. Vikram, and B. Prithiviraj. Plant Science Department, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. Intensive crop rotations of canola and field pea in western Canada. H.R. Kutcher, D. Ulrich, and S. Brandt. Melfort Research Farm, Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1240, Melfort, SK S0E 1A0, Canada; and (D.U., S.B.), Scott Research Farm, Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Scott, SK S0K 4A0, Canada. Development and design of a marker based on polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Fusarium proliferatum isolates from field-grown asparagus.K. Labour, M. St-Arnaud, and S.H. Jabaji-Hare. Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; and (M.S.-A.) Jardin botanique de Montréal and Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, 4101, rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada. Use of acidic electrolyzed water for reducing populations of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on tomato seed and foliage. G. Lazarovits, P.A. Abbasi, and R. Earl. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. One-carbon metabolism in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. W. Liu, Y. Wei, and J. King. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. Relative importance of storage conditions on development of postharvest carrot diseases. T. MacDonald, R.N. Markarian, C. Vigneault, and V. Toussaint. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Involvement of antibiosis in the biocontrol of potato silver scurf by different bacteria. C. Martinez, J.-N. Simard, J. Labonté, R.R. Bélanger, and R.J. Tweddell. Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada. Mycelial interactions between vegetatively incompatible Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae)isolates.B.D. McCallum, A. Tekauz, and J. Gilbert. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Latent infection and distribution of a hypovirulenceassociated double-stranded RNA (OnuMV3a) in populations of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. M.S. Melzer, F. Deng, and G.J. Boland. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. In vitro effects of salt compounds on radial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of postharvest potato diseases. A.A.S. Mills, H.W. Platt, R.A.R. Hurta, and R.A. MacPhail. Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada; and (R.A.R.H.) Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. Patterns of gene expression during infection of soybean by Phytophthora sojae. P. Moy, I. Atkinson, D. Qutob, and M. Gijzen. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Some factors involved in soil disturbance that reduces disease of wheat caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 8. S.M. Neate. Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5012 Fargo, ND 58105-5012, U.S.A. Comparison of epidemics caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. dissotocum in pepper plants grown in small-scale hydroponic trough systems. T.N. Owen-Going and J.C. Sutton. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Molecular differentiation between Peridermium harknessiiand Cronartium quercuum f. sp. banksianae. F. Paradis, D.L. Joly, J. Walla, and R.C. Hamelin. Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sainte- Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; and (J.W.) Plant Pathology Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105-5012, U.S.A. Refining the protocols for screening of resistance of spring wheat to fusarium head blight under controlled conditions. M.P. Pradhan and J. Gilbert. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Effect of soil amendments on common scab of potato and soil bacterial communities. K. Prévost, B. Shipley, and C. Beaulieu. Centre d’étude et de valorisation de la diversité microbienne, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada. Volatile metabolite profiling of cultivars of onion differing in resistance to Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis allii, and Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. B. Prithiviraj, A. Vikram, and A.C. Kushalappa. Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Annede- Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. Effect of biological and nutritional factors on development of cylindrocarpon root rot on American ginseng. M. Rahman and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Flax rust races – an important collection needs preservation. K.Y. Rashid. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada. Epidemiology of sclerotinia head rot in wild sunflower. K.Y. Rashid and G.J. Seiler. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; and (G.J.S.) Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND 58105, U.S.A. Use of bacteriophages for the management of soft rot of calla lilies caused by Erwinia sp. in closed irrigation systems. M. Ravensdale, T. Blom, J. Gracia-Garza, and A. Svircev. Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (J.G.G., A.S.) Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Vineland Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Vineland, ON L0R 2E0, Canada. An epidemiological study of verticillium wilt of potatoes: host–pathogen interactions of various Verticillium spp. N. Robinson, H.W. Platt, L. Hale, and V. MacLean. Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada; and (L.H.) Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. Assessment of soil or compost suppressiveness to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under growth chamber condition: correlations with laboratory and field assessments. G. Rousseau, S. Rioux, and D. Dostaler. Département de phytologie, Pavillon des sciences de et de Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and (S.R.) Centre de recherche sur les grains, 2700, rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada. A to monitor soil or compost suppressiveness to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under laboratory conditions. G. and R. Département de phytologie, Pavillon des sciences de et de Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and des Institut de recherche 32, France. The Centraalbureau voor the of the R.A. and Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box AD Utrecht, Netherlands. to Rhizoctonia solani AG in in the Netherlands. J.H.M. and Y. Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands. to Rhizoctonia solani AG in in the Netherlands. J.H.M. and Y. Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands. to Rhizoctonia solani AG in plant and J.H.M. Schneider, and S. Jabaji-Hare. Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands; and Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. and L. and University of Edmonton, AB Canada. of seedling resistance to diseases in wheat. and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N Canada. Characterization of a metabolite by a causal agent of blight on field H. S.F. Hwang, K.F. Chang, S.F. G.D. Turnbull, and R.J. Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (K.F.C.) Field Crop Diversification Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; (S.F.B.) Crop Diversification Centre North, Edmonton, Edmonton, AB 4K3, Canada; and (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. Assessment of fungi as biological control agents of in G. S.F. and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC 1S6, Canada; and Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, BC Canada. and biocontrol by a of in the of and M. of University, Department of Molecular and University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada. of fusarium head blight in Canadian A. Tekauz. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. fungi from oat in western Canada in A. Tekauz, N. B. McCallum, and J. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. In vitro interaction between the wheat and of K. and Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. of Xanthomonas campestris pv. in to disease and of lettuce leaf on bacterial V. and O. Carisse. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; and de pathologie végétale, Institut national de la recherche France. in causal for and disease control N. L. MacDonald, and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; and Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Road, BC Canada. volatile from apple with fungal pathogens. A. Vikram, B. Prithiviraj, and A.C. Kushalappa. Plant Science Department, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. of development of late blight in potato using polymerase chain reaction. O. F. L. Lamari, and L. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Agriculture Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Molecular detection of in and in during O. F. M. L. B. T. P. and S. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Agriculture Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Alberta Research Council, P.O. Box Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; and Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box MB Canada. of Streptomyces potato by polymerase chain reaction. A. and G. Lazarovits. Department of Biology, Biological and University of London, ON Canada; and Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Molecular and of of a involved in fungal F. Wang, G. Selvaraj, and Y. Wei. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; and (G.S.) Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. Impact of on Wang, S.F. Hwang, B.D. K.F. Chang, G.D. Turnbull, and R.J. Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada; (K.F.C.) Field Crop Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L Canada; and (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. The role of in germination and development in Colletotrichum J. and Department of Botany, University of ON Canada. gene expression of and A in potato with and of Phytophthora and F. Department of Plant Science, Agriculture University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Epidemiology of in R.R. MacDonald, and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Avenue, and Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Road, BC Canada. of leaf blight in carrot by of S.M. A. and M.R. Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Effect of a on by the G.J. and Department of Plant Pathology, University of U.S.A. and wheat response to leaf rust. T. D. M. C. W. T. and B. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada; and Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. in biotic and abiotic stresses. T. T. and J. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada; and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South U.S.A. for gene T. and J. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. of isolates of Fusarium spp. head blight in wheat. G. Y. Chen, F. and C. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. Effect of seed on of different of soybean E. T.R. Anderson, S. Rioux, R. and M. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (T.R.A.) Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada; (S.R.) Centre de recherche sur les grains, 2700, rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; and University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Effect of on the of and in potato H. R. and R.J. Tweddell. Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and Centre de recherche et de développement en horticulture, Agriculture et Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. chain reaction – for Fusarium diversity in E. M. V. and M. Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.

The decarbonisation of the construction sector is critical to meet national and international climate goals. Literature gives many examples of measures for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from buildings. However, few studies investigate the trade-offs between potentially conflicting GHG emission reduction measures or the affordability of these measures. Ydalir is a Zero Emission Neighbourhood (ZEN) pilot area in the Norwegian research centre for Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in smart cities. One of the major challenges Ydalir faces is how to reduce GHG emissions from the neighbourhood towards a net zero emission building (nZEB). Additional challenges include retaining social, environmental, and economical sustainability for both the project developer and building owners and avoid suboptimal solutions. This paper investigates the trade-offs between energy efficiency and material use for two scenarios. The scenarios are a Norwegian building code scenario and a passive house scenario. The analysis ascertains total energy demand, whole life cycle GHG emissions, and cost assessment for two housing units within Ydalir Torg. The results show lower total GHG emissions and lower GHG emissions from operational energy use in the passive house scenario, and an increase in GHG emissions from the production phase due to thicker levels of insulation. The cost assessment shows increased investment costs for the project developer in the passive house scenario, despite lower operational costs for the building owner. Total GHG emission payback times for the passive house scenario are at 18 - 19 years. Cost payback time varies between 10 - 37 years. This paper is useful for practitioners that wish to balance GHG emission reduction requirements between operational energy use, material use and affordability.

An approach towards sustainable renovation—A tool for decision support in early project stages

Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2009

The dependence of oil production in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region may have environmental consequences. This research explores the nonlinear effects of oil rents and the economic growth of six GCC countries on their per capita CO2, CH4, N2O, and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, considering spatial linkages through 1980–2014. We apply fixed effects (FE) and corroborate the spatial dependency in all estimated pollution models. Spatial Durbin model (SDM) is utilized to estimate the direct and spillover effects. We find the inverted U-shaped relationship of economic growth with CO2, CH4, N2O and GHG emissions, and of oil rents with CH4 and GHG emissions. Monotonic positive effects of oil rents on CO2 emissions and U-shaped relationship between oil rents and N2O emissions are also found. Urbanization has positive effect on the CO2, CH4 and GHG emissions and has negative effect on N2O emissions. Financial market development (FMD) has negative effects on all types of investigated emissions. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has negative effects on CO2 and N2O emissions. Energy use has positive effects on CO2 and N2O emissions. Further, the neighboring spillover effects of economic growth, oil rents, urbanization, FDI, energy use and FMD are found statistically significant for some investigated emissions. Hence, oil rents, energy use, urbanization and economic growth are responsible for environmental degradation of home and neighboring countries in the GCC region, and we recommend implementing tighter laws to protect the environment.

The agriculture and forestry sector accounts for approximately 24% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Australia. Over the years researchers have produced new knowledge about agricultural GHG emissions and energy use patterns and opportunities to decrease them, albeit in small-scale studies or large-scale ones with coarse resolution. Linking the multiple, diverse and rich datasets around agricultural production in Australia into one dataset that allows for an estimate of GHG emissions and energy use related to agriculture at a national scale and high resolution has not been done before. The approach we describe here is based upon a link between operational data sourced from gross margin (GM) handbooks and life cycle assessment (LCA) process data. We have collected and processed these datasets to produce a comprehensive database of typical agricultural operations covering 72 commodities grown in 42 regions across Australia. We have also created a system that estimates the GHG emission and energy use patterns of the aforementioned commodities using the best available LCA process data. To capture GHG emissions of non-domestically produced fertiliser, we queried the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE) to analyse the fertiliser and pesticide import patterns for Australia between 2000-2010. This analysis determined the average country energy-mix for fertiliser and pesticide manufacturing and allowed linking the associated GHG emissions to Australian agricultural production. Finally we spatialised agricultural operational data, emissions and energy use at the national scale using the latest Australian Land Use Map (2005/06). Our findings suggest that in 2005/06 greenhouse gas emissions related to Australian agricultural production equate to a total of 95.8 Mt CO-e using 75.7 GWh of energy. According to our results 29.4% of these emissions come from sources that were categorised as non-agricultural (e.g. industrial processes or energy use) in the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGGI) 2006. We find that the provision of transparently modeled GHG emissions and having them linked to a spatially explicit component helps identifying new opportunities for emission reduction and facilitates an assessment of their effects. For example, our findings suggest production of ethanol from corn stover and sugarcane bagasse could have avoided 4.37 Mt CO-e emissions (4.56% of total) without affecting food production.

Effect of fish emulsion preplant soil amendment on common scab of potato and tuber yield in eight commercial potato field soils. P.A. Abbasi, K.L. Conn, and G. Lazarovits. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada. Evaluation of disease-management strategies for ascochyta blight of chickpea in Alberta. H.U. Ahmed, K.F. Chang, S.F. Hwang, T. Warkentin, and R.J. Howard. Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AAFRD), 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; (S.F.H.) Alberta Research Council, P.O. Box 4000, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (T.W.) Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; and (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, AAFRD, S.S. 4, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. Application of DNA methods to identify and detect Pythium, Phytophthora, and Fusarium spp. associated with soybean root rot in eastern Ontario and Québec. T. Barasubiye, K.A. Seifert, A. Tenuta, S. Rioux, T. Anderson, and C.A. Lévesque. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.T.) Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 400, Main Street, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada; (S.R.) Centre de recherche sur les grains, 2700 Einstein Street, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; and (T.A.) Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, AAFC, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada. Evaluation of field pea genotypes for resistance to seedling blight and root and stem rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani. K.F. Chang, S.F. Hwang, H. Wang, B.D. Gossen, G.D. Turnbull, and R.J. Howard. Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AAFRD), 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; (S.F.H., H.W., G.D.T.) Alberta Research Council, P.O. Box 4000, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (B.D.G.) Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada; and (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, AAFRD, S.S. 4, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. Potential mechanisms of biological control by Gliocladium catenulatum against fusarium root and stem rot of greenhouse cucumber. S. Chatterton and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Induction by Leptosphaeria biglobosa of systemic acquired resistance to blackleg caused by Leptosphaeria maculans in canola. Y. Chen, S. Nakkeeran, and W.G.D. Fernando. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. A growth-chamber method for screening canola for resistance to fusarium wilt. G. Chongo and I. Scholer. Bayer CropScience, Site 600, Box 117, R.R. 6, Saskatoon, SK S7K 3J9, Canada. Impact of six fungicide soil treatments on potato scab incidence in two potato soils. K.L. Conn and G. Lazarovits. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Impact of four types of lime on potato scab incidence in eight potato soils. K.L. Conn and G. Lazarovits. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Refinement of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for detecting and quantifying the bacterial-spot pathogen on seeds and transplant seedlings. D.A. Cuppels and T. Ainsworth. Southern Crop Protection and 466 Can. J. Plant Pathol. Vol. 27, 2005 Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Plum pox virus, using polyclonal antibodies. D. Errampalli, L.W. Stobbs, L. Van Driel, C.A. Collucci, K. Whybourne, and L.I. Wainman. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4902 Victoria Avenue North, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada. Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment on postharvest decay in apple ‘Empire’ and ‘McIntosh’. D. Errampalli, J.R. DeEll, and D.P. Murr. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, 4902 Victoria Avenue North, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada; (J.R.D.) Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Blue Line Road Highway 3, Simcoe, ON N3Y 4N5, Canada; and (D.P.M.) Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Diversity of Gibberella zeae isolates from Manitoba. W.G.D. Fernando, J.X. Zhang, X.W. Guo, M. Dusabenyagasani, H. Ahmed, and B. McCallum. Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; and (B.M.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Potential impact of a widely virulent stem rust race in Kenya on Canadian wheat production. T. Fetch and Y. Jin. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada; and (Y.J.) Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. Methyl-jasmonate and salicylic acid regulate expression of defense-related genes and reduce infection by common bunt in wheat (Triticum aestivum). D.A. Gaudet, J. Lu, B. Puchalski, T. Despins, M. Frick, and A. Laroche. Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Susceptibility to Leptosphaeria maculans of Brassica napus at different growth stages, and its relationship to weather conditions. K. Ghanbarnia and W.G.D. Fernando. Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Identification of Botrytis mali within the Botrytis population causing fruit decay on apple in the orchards of British Columbia. D.T. O'Gorman, S. Stokes, and P.L. Sholberg. Pacific Agriculture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 5000, Highway 97, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. Assessment of partial resistance to mycosphaerella blight in pea. B.D. Gossen, M.R. McDonald, and S.F. Hwang. Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada; (M.R.M.) Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (S.F.H.) Alberta Research Council, P.O. Box 4000, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada. Potential biocontrol agents against Pythium root rot of greenhouse tomato. V. Gravel, C. Martinez, H. Antoun, and R.J. Tweddell. Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and (H.A.) Département des sols et génie agroalimentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada. Microorganisms stimulating growth and development of greenhouse tomato plants. V. Gravel, C. Martinez, H. Antoun, and R.J. Tweddell. Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and (H.A.) Département des sols et génie agroalimentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada. Predicting fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol in spring wheat by quantifying spores per head following anthesis. X.W. Guo, W.G.D. Fernando, T. Nowicki, H. Sapirstein, and P. Bullock. Department of Plant Science; (H.S.) Department of Food Science; and (P.B.) Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; and (T.N.) Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada. A polymerase chain reaction approach to detect bacterial blight organisms in an epidemiological study in drybean fields in southern Alberta. M.W. Harding, R.J. Howard, D.A. Burke, and S.L. Pugh. Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, S.S. 4, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. Impact of seeding and disease initiation dates on seed yield and severity of mycosphaerella blight in field pea. S.F. Hwang, K.F. Chang, R.L. Conner, B.D. Gossen, R.J. Howard, G.D. Turnbull, and D.J. Bing. Alberta Research Council, P.O. Box 4000, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (K.F.C.) Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AAFRD), 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; (R.L.C.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Mordon Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; (B.D.G.) Saskatoon Research Centre, AAFC, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada; (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, AAFRD, S.S. 4, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada; and (D.J.B.) Lacombe Research Centre, AAFC, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada. New perspectives on white pine blister rust. D.L. Joly and R.C. Hamelin. Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S. Street, Sainte-Foy, QC GIV 4C7, Canada. Bacteriophages as potential biocontrol agents of fire blight, and the development of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction to monitor their ecological impact. W.-S. Kim, S. Lehman, K. Schneider, E. Barszcz, A.J. Castle, and A.M. Svircev. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4902 Victoria Avenue North, P.O. Box 6000, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada; and (A.J.C.) Department of Biological Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada. Resistance of Brassica napus cultivars to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans. J. Klassen and W.G.D. Fernando. Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Yeasts of lowbush blueberry: potential biocontrol agents for blueberry diseases. D. Langdon, P.D. Hildebrand, and J.A. Traquair. Biology Department, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (P.D.H.) Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), 32 Main street, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada; and (J.A.T.) Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, AAFC, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Water stress and the Septoria musiva – hybrid poplar pathosystem. J.M. LeBoldus, P.V. Blenis, and B. Thomas. Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2C6, Canada. Differentiation of Colletotrichum spp. from scentless chamomile and lentil based on infection characteristics and ITS sequences. L. Liu, G. Peng, Y.D. Wei, B.D. Gossen, and K.L. Bailey. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; and (G.P., B.D.G., K.L.B.) Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. Juglone, an allelopathic compound produced by Juglans nigra (black walnut), may predispose soybean plants (Glycine max) to infection by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines. A.M. Manceur, N.V. Thevatasan, A. Gordon, T. Gillespie, and G.J. Boland. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (T.G.) Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Liming and calcium-fertilizer application for clubroot control in canola (Brassica napus). V.P. Manolii, S.E. Strelkov, V.K. Bansal, and R.J. Howard. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 H Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; and (V.K.B., R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, S.S. 4, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. Evidence for a second seedling resistance gene to leaf rust in the ‘Thatcher’-Lr1 near-isogenic wheat line RL6003. B.D. McCallum, S. Cloutier, C. Rampitsch, and N. Bykova. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Impact of oat plants, oat plant extracts, and saponins on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. D.L. McLaren, R.M. Mohr, and R.B. Irvine. Brandon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000A, R.R. 3, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada. Impacts of a preceding oat crop on stem rot of canola and the pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. R.M. Mohr, D.L. McLaren, and R.B. Irvine. Brandon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Box 1000A, R.R. 3, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada. Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini isolates from flax. S.I. Mpofu and K.Y. Rashid. Olds College, 4500- 50 Street, Olds, AB T4H 1R6, Canada; and (K.Y.R.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Mordon Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada. Interaction between wheat cultivar and bacterial isolate for rhizosphere colonization, and root accumulation of Pseudomonas-derived 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol. P.A. Okubara, J. Mitchell, M. Berghammer, and R.F. Bonsall. Root Disease and Biological Control Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 646430, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA. Effect of crop rotation on severity of red root rot and grain yield in corn. S. Pouleur, L. Couture, A. Comeau, and J. Lafond. Soils and Crops Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560 Hochelaga Boulevard, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 2J3, Canada; and (J.L.) Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1468 Saint-Cyrille Street, Normandin, QC G8M 4K3, Canada. Role of Fusarium spp. in rusty-root development on ginseng in British Columbia. Z.K. Punja, A. Wan, and M. Rahman. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Variation in Cylindrocarpon destructans isolates causing root rot of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). M. Rahman and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 190 and biological control of blackleg in canola: understanding the array of potential mechanisms involved. R. Ramarathnam and W.G.D. Fernando. Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Differential induction of glucanase and peroxidase by antagonistic bacteria towards biocontrol of Leptosphaeria maculans in canola. R. Ramarathnam, W.G.D. Fernando, and S. Nakkeeran. Department of Plant Science, 222 Agriculture Building, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Control of sclerotinia head rot in sunflower. K.Y. Rashid. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada. Characterization of phenolic compounds in two pine species resistant to the European race of Gremmeniella abietina, the causal agent of scleroderris canker. D. Rioux, M. Simard, and G. Laflamme. Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S. Street, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada. Efficiency of cycloheximide and deoxynivalenol for in vitro screening of resistance to fusarium head blight in wheat. H. Soltanloo, S. Ramezanpour, M. Seraj, D.A. Gaudet, and F. Eudes. Department of Plant Breeding, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; (M.S.) Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran; and (D.A.G., F.E.) Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Resistance to stripe rust in Iranian wild wheat (Triticum boeoticum). H. Soltanloo, S. Ramezanpour, S.M.F. Tabatabaei, M.R. Rahiminedjad, M.R. Ghannadha, D.A. Gaudet, and A. Laroche. Department of Plant Breeding, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; (S.M.F.T.) Department of Horticulture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; (M.R.R.) Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran; and (H.S., S.R., D.A.G., A.L.) Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Characterization of Plasmodiophora brassicae populations from Alberta, Canada. S.E. Strelkov, J.P. Tewari, and E. Smith-Degenhardt. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 H Agriculture Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada. Wheat nonspecific lipid-transfer proteins inhibit in vitro growth of wheat and nonwheat fungal pathogens. J.-Y. Sun, D.A. Gaudet, Z.-X. Lu, M. Frick, B. Puchalski, and A. Laroche. Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Relative susceptibility of cereal grains to fusarium head blight. A. Tekauz. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Efficacy of reduced-risk fungicides and the TOMCAST disease-forecasting system as tools for control of septoria late blight in celery. C.L. Trueman, M.R. McDonald, B.D. Gossen, and A.W. McKeown. Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (B.D.G.) Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada; and (A.W.M.) Simcoe Campus, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, P.O. Box 587, Simcoe, ON N3Y 4N5, Canada. Effect of different rates of nitrogen and calcium fertilizers on incidence and severity of septoria late blight and celery yield. C.L. Trueman, M.R. McDonald, B.D. Gossen, and A.W. McKeown. Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (B.D.G.) Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada; and (A.W.M.) Simcoe Campus, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, P.O. Box 587, Simcoe, ON N3Y 4N5, Canada. Characteristics of wheat fields positive for Fusarium graminearum in Alberta, in 2002 and 2003. T.K. Turkington, R.M. Clear, and S.K. Patrick. Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; and (R.M.C., S.K.P.) Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada. Anthracnose of blueberry in British Columbia – epidemiology, overwintering strategy, and biological control of disease. N. Verma, L. MacDonald, and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada; and (L.M.) British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, BC V3G2M3, Canada. Discrimination of carrot diseases in storage, using headspace volatile-metabolite profiles. A. Vikram, A. Hossain, L.H. Lui, and A.C. Kushalappa. Plant Science Department, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. Susceptibility of lentil cultivars to rhizoctonia seedling blight and root rot in Alberta. H. Wang, S.F. Hwang, K.F. Chang, G.D. Turnbull, and R.J. Howard. Alberta Research Council, P.O. Box 4000, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (K.F.C.) Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AAFRD), 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; and (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, AAFRD, S.S. 4, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. Impact of lodging and foliar fungicide on severity of mycosphaerella blight and yield in field-pea lines. T.F. Wang, B.D. Gossen, and A.E. Slinkard. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; and (B.D.G.) Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. Effect of conditionally dispensable chromosomes on rhizosphere colonization by the fungus Nectria haematococca MPVI. G.J. White and H.D. VanEtten. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Comparison of inoculum sources on the development of fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol content in wheat in a disease nursery. A.G. Xue, G. Butler, H.D. Voldeng, G. Fedak, M.E. Savard, Y. Chen, and F. Sabo. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. Effect of seed treatments on control of dwarf bunt of winter wheat in Ontario. A.G. Xue, A. Tenuta, E. Sparry, M. Etienne, Y. Chen, X.L. Tian, and F. Sabo. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.T.) Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 400, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada; (E.S.) C&M Seeds, R.R. 3, Palmerston, ON N0G 2P0, Canada; and (M.E.) Hyland Seeds, 11087 Petty Street, Ailsa Craig, ON N0M 1A0, Canada. Comparison of single spore isolation techniques for Plasmodiophora brassicae. S. Xue and S.E. Strelkov. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 H Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada. Inhibitory effects of organic and inorganic salts on the growth of Erwinia carotovora, a soft rot causative agent in potato tubers: physico-chemical basis. E.-S. Yaganza, R.J. Tweddell, and J. Arul. Centre de recherche en horticulture, Pavillon de l'envirotron, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada. A proteomic analysis of resistance to Erysiphe pisi in Pisum sativum × Pisum fulvum . R. Zhang, S.F. Hwang, K.F. Chang, S. Strelkov, and G.D. Turnbull. Alberta Research Council, P.O. Box 4000, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (K.F.C.) Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; and (S.S.) Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 H Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada. Screening corn for resistance to common rust, eyespot, and northern leaf blight. X. Zhu and L.M. Reid. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.

Abstracts, The Canadian Phytopathological Society, annual meeting, Montreacute;al, Quebec, 1999

Low-carbon production of iron and steel: Technology options, economic assessment, and policy

Mitigating Curtailment and Carbon Emissions through Load Migration between Data Centers

\nDespite greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of Egypt represent nearly 1 percent of the World's GHG emissions, but according to IPCCC, Egypt is one of the nations that will be heavily affected by the impact of climate change risks. The global CO2 emissions from different sectors, buildings are forming the highest portion (about 5.5 GtCO2-eq). Electricity consumption in public buildings, including administrative, educational and health buildings (9 percent) is the 2nd largest type after residential buildings (40 percent). The electrical energy per person in Egypt has increased from 1245 kWh in 2001/2002 to 1950 kWh in 2012/2013; an increase of 57 percent. This resulted in a colossal amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. Thus, improving energy performance in residential and higher education buildings will have a significant impact on the reduction of electrical energy use, improve recourses efficiency and the nation's economic growth and footprint. Energy consumption in education buildings depends, mainly on the building's activities, time of use and influx of visitors and students and academic staff as well as the academic terms whether in winter summer. Retrofitting measures are important to reduce energy consumption in higher educational buildings and cooling requirements in hot climate. One of the most important measures in the retrofitting process of the building envelop, including its roof are mainly glazing type and characteristics, and walls’ thermal insulation. This paper addresses sustainability measures of the Faculty of Engineering Campus – Department of Architectural Engineering building at Cairo University, Egypt. The objective is to set the baseline assessment of the building’ energy use and compared it with its energy performance after retrofitting measures and simulation. Results show that applying these retrofitting measures; energy use has been reduced by 15 percent from the baseline (BAU) energy use of an average of 14.6 kWh/m2 yearly.\n