Abstract
The operation of buildings is linked to approximately 36% of the global energy consumption, 40% of greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change. Assessing the energy consumption and efficiency of buildings is a complex task addressed by a variety of methods. Building energy modeling is among the dominant methodologies in evaluating the energy efficiency of buildings commonly applied for evaluating design and renovation energy efficiency measures. Although building energy modeling is a valuable tool, it is rarely the case that simulation results are assessed against the building’s actual energy performance. In this context, the simulation results of the HVAC energy consumption in the case of a smart industrial near-zero energy building are used to explore areas of uncertainty and deviation of the building energy model against measured data. Initial model results are improved based on a trial and error approach to minimize deviation based on key identified parameters. In addition, a novel approach based on functional shape modeling and Kalman filtering is developed and applied to further minimize systematic discrepancies. Results indicate a significant initial performance gap between the initial model and the actual energy consumption. The efficiency and the effectiveness of the developed integrated model is highlighted.
Highlights
Energy consumption in the building sector is associated with 36% of global final energy consumption and approximately 40% of total direct and indirect CO2 emissions
The HVAC system of the Leaf Lab is composed of ground water source heat pumps with a nominal heating Coefficients of Performance (COP) of 4.8 and a cooling EER of 6.2–7
The HVAC is coupled to a thermal storage water tank which is heated or cooled using excess PV power
Summary
Energy consumption in the building sector (combined with buildings construction) is associated with 36% of global final energy consumption and approximately 40% of total direct and indirect CO2 emissions. Associated figures rise every year mainly due to (a) improved energy access levels in developing countries, (b) increased ownership levels of energy consuming devices, and (c) the growth of global buildings floor area [1]. Design and modeling of integrated energy systems in net zero energy buildings is discussed by Athienitis and O’Brien [2]. Assessing energy efficiency in buildings is a complex task which varies according to the aim of the analysis and the specificity of each case. Technical information usually concerns the geometry and thermal characteristics of the building envelope, the design and operation of HVAC system, as well as data from measurements regarding indoor/outdoor climate conditions and energy end usage
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