An integrated design of sustainable land use and transportation system with uncertainty in future population

Time use studies clearly document that human activities do not occur in a vacuum. Each individual activity is part of a spatial, temporal socio-economic system. Each activity is part of a system of activities that integrates and facilitates ongoing day-to-day behavior and it is inextricably linked to other activities, past, present and future. Cooperatively and/or independently, individuals and groups interact and make opportunity-changing choices impacting, at various levels, the activity systems of which they are a part. Unfortunately, the four-step approach, which for so long dominated transportation planning, failed to recognize this reality. A mechanistic approach that ignored the spatial, temporal, and individual interdependencies among transportation, land use, and population, it has left a legacy of urban areas with seriously inappropriate land use and transportation systems. The aggregate approach of the method to planning failed, to providing the guidance necessary to plan efficient, equitable, and sustainable land use and transportation systems. Fortunately, major shortcomings of the four-step approach are being overcome by a shift in thinking toward an activity-based planning approach. This chapter explores the development of activity-based planning and activity systems, identifies and elucidates activity-related data needs, and it discusses the important role and method of time use studies in supply such data.

Urban Transport and Sustainable Transport Strategies: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

The coordination planning between land use and transportation system is an important premise of solving urban transportation problems and realizing land use integration. This study investigates the interactive and feedback relationship between land use and transportation system from the perspective of access management. By integrating the land use and traffic data from Las Vegas Metropolitan area with the system dynamics model, the causal relationship and causal loop diagrams (CLDs) are introduced to analyze the cause-and-effect relationship and quantitative relationship between the factors of the combined system of land use and transportation, and then sub-models partition and system simulation are performed. The systems dynamics model is established by analyzing the relationship between a series of access management techniques, traffic characteristics, and land use features. The results show that system dynamics model can be used as an effective alternative to model the symbiosis relationship of land use and transportation system for urban planning and construction.Introduction

— In recent decades, the rates of urbanization, motorization, population growth, and population density have increased. Congestion has detrimental effects on the efficiency of transportation, as well as on travel times, air pollution levels, and fuel consumption. Kabul is the most crowded city in Afghanistan. Unrestrained urbanization and motorization often lead to a socially, economically, and ecologically unsustainable urban land use and transportation system. In developing nations, urban mobility systems are quite diverse, taking into consideration their components in terms of transport modes and the development path associated with urban expansion. As a case study, this article examines Kabul, the most populated and economically significant city in Afghanistan. This study starts by doing a literature review on sustainable transportation systems to help the reader comprehend the link between sustainable development and transportation. The article then assesses the present transportation and infrastructure system, national transportation regulations, and urban transportation initiatives to see whether the current paradigm is shifting toward or away from sustainable mobility. Furthermore, the principles for sustainable urban transportation are designed to determine the importance that national transportation policies have given to urban transportation from the standpoint of sustainable transportation. Finally, I proposed several public transportation alternatives and strategies for Kabul city, the implementation of which may result in a more sustainable urban development and transportation system in the future.

The issue of ensuring the sustainable development of mankind today is recognized as one of the most pressing issues facing society. The purpose of the study is to generalize the features of sustainable land using, identify the main problems of sustainable use of agricultural land in Ukraine and the key ways to solve them. The paper summarizes the key stages of the formation of prerequisites for sustainable land using, systematizes documents and events to create a model of sustainable development, highlights the basic principles and goals of sustainable agricultural land use, in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. The authors emphasize that the practical implementation of the concept of sustainable agricultural land use requires prioritization of agricultural land, especially environmental, as well as increasing the responsibility of agricultural businesses for disturbing the ecological balance and excessive anthropogenic pressure on land resources. It is noted that in Ukraine there is an irrational structure of land use, which is environmentally dangerous. The main problems of sustainable agricultural land use development are highlighted. The authors note that in recent years in Ukraine there have been negative trends in the development of processes that significantly affect agricultural land use. The most acute environmental problems are the development of degradation processes in the arable lands of Ukraine, which are continuous, regional or local in nature. The authors argue that the decline in the natural potential of agricultural land in Ukraine is becoming an even more serious threat to the sustainable development of land use than environmental problems. The priority directions of development of sustainable land use in Ukraine are offered, which will allow passing to the model of sustainable agricultural land use.

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has posed a challenge to food security globally and nationally. In the face of growing climate and environmental challenges, ensuring the sustainability of the food system, which is the basis of the European Green Deal, the European Union's sustainable and inclusive growth strategies, depends on the efficiency and effectiveness of the sustainable agricultural land use system. The aim of the study is to examine the European Union's experience in transforming the system of sustainable agricultural land use on an innovative basis to ensure its sustainability and security in the face of current challenges and threats (both faced and far-looking). The study uses a mixed approach, including factorial analysis and descriptive statistics, using a sample of 27 European Union’s economies and Ukraine’s economy. Ukraine's place on the European Union’s land map is determined, the dynamics of change in the structure of Ukraine's land area is analyzed, priority directions of innovative development of sustainable land use are determined, prospects of common agricultural policy and innovation policy to ensure the transition of the European Union and Ukraine to the sustainable, resilient and competitive economy are outlined. To ensure the sustainability and resilience of the agricultural land use and consequently the food system as a whole, the need to intensify research and introduce innovations has been identified. Innovations are to be aimed at the following goals: 1) protection and restoration of natural ecosystems; 2) preservation and improvement of natural capital and public health; 3) sustainable use of resources, including land, energy; 4) developing resilient food system; 5) accelerating the achievement of zero pollution, 6) development of sustainable and intelligent mobility. Building a system of sustainable agricultural land use requires, firstly, the formation of a new system of knowledge based on the latest research and development, the introduction of which will act in advance to overcome existing risks and threats in agriculture and sustainable rural development, and secondly, development of the system of its institutional support, which is revealed through the action of the consistent organizational and economic mechanism. Future studies are suggested to build an innovative model for the development of the national system of sustainable land use, taking into account the institutional potential of the land management system.

This paper considers the implications of changing land use and transport patterns in cities in Central and Eastern Europe. It reviews experience elsewhere, primarily in Western Europe, where a spiral of increasing mobility and dispersal is widely acknowledged to be environmentally, socially and economically unsustainable. Policies being adopted at different scales in attempts to modify these trends are outlined, and some considerations for CEE cities are highlighted. It is argued that sustainable land use and transport systems are a matter of political choice.

The accessibility concept provides a suitable framework for the achievement of sustainable land use and transport systems. Environmental and climate concerns have gained particular relevance among sustainability goals in recent years, thus reshaping political agendas all over the world. Against this background, this paper explores the practical relevance of accessibility instruments for low carbon mobility planning. A theoretical framework on usefulness is developed, which outlines potential application purposes related to identifying needs for interventions in the land use and transport system, assessing the impacts of potential solutions, as well as communicating between planning sectors and stakeholders. Three real-world planning issues in the Munich region serve to test the hypothetical usefulness of accessibility instruments for low carbon mobility planning in empirical applications. Practitioners were involved at various stages throughout the process in order to capture their perspectives on practical relevance. Both the identified planning issues and the types of accessibility implementations were diverse in nature, showing that accessibility analysis is applicable to a variety of tasks connected to the aim of reducing transport-related emissions. Earlier findings about the practical relevance of accessibility instruments were confirmed in this context, in particular the importance of communicative outputs. While more research in other spatial contexts is clearly needed, we conclude that accessibility instruments can contribute to a low carbon transition by enabling practitioners to plan for low carbon mobility options and communicate the benefits of these options. However, the implementation of accessibility instruments might be hampered by emerging barriers, such as the need to quantify emissions and emission savings, the desire to consider qualitative aspects in addition to quantitative indicators, and the lack of accessibility standards and reference values.

Background . Land use is essential in many environmental and socio-economic problems of society. The main form of land management is public management. Public management (or administration) in the field of rational management, use, and protection of land means that the state, in the person of its competent bodies, establishes certain rules and regulations regarding the organization of the use of all land resources of the country and its individual parts (categories of land, types of land use and etc.). Public administration lays the foundations of relations that should serve the protection, preservation, and careful use of land resources and be committed to the principle of sustainable development. The essence of the formation and development of sustainable land use is that all its subjects are included in this process. They must understand that it is necessary to abandon land redistribution if it is not necessary. Since the policy of sustainable land use is gaining more and more attention and importance both in the world and in Ukraine, the purpose of the article is to research and analyze the theoretical foundations of sustainable land use as an object of public management. The research object was sustainable land use. Methods . This publication is based on the use of general and special research methods. The analysis was used to clarify the condition of land management in Ukraine, and synthesis was used to summarize the obtained evidence in order to develop recommendations. The systematic approach was used to study the challenges in the field of modern land use. The normative-value method made it possible to consider the issue of restoring sustainable land use in the postwar period in a multi-level management system. Results . The analysis of sustainable land use made it possible to define the concept of sustainable land use, identify the factors affecting such land use, and consider the stages of the formation of sustainable land use in the multi-level management system. In particular, certain hierarchies of levels of sustainable land use administration were established, namely conceptual, ideological, political, and economic. Each level determines the conceptual mechanisms of actions in relation to land resources. Among the factors of influence on sustainable land use, those due to economic, natural, ecological, legal, technological, and social nature were distinguished. However, urbanization and cultural worldviews have also influenced the sustainable use and management of land resources. At the same time, understanding the jurisdiction of public managers, setting clear goals, developing initiatives for these goals, monitoring and evaluating progress, reporting, and cooperating and partnering were determined as the relevant stages of forming sustainable land use in a multi-level management system. Сonclusions . Thus, sustainable land use requires the involvement of all parties interested in land use, taking into account their needs and supporting the broader cultural, economic, environmental, legal, political, technological, and social frameworks. In addition, the state needs to increase the category of nature conservation lands by creating parks, nature reserves, etc. At the legislative level, it is necessary to establish the principle of land use for the purpose of carrying out economic activities only on developed lands where there is a housing stock and developed infrastructure.

Selection of Alternative Fuels for Sustainable Urban Transportation under Multi-criteria Intuitionistic Fuzzy Environment

The intelligent urban transportation system is a significant component of the economic development process of countries. However, the transportation system is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, and transportation accidents may cause environmental damage due to the transport of hazardous materials. Hence, a sustainable transportation system is significant in providing safe, environmentally friendly, and intelligent urban transport modes for economies when achieving sustainable development goals and evaluating environmental, social, and risk assessment pillars. This paper aims to evaluate the sustainable and intelligent urban transportation systems of fifty global economies by using nine main and fifty-six sub-criteria. In this paper, nine main and fifty-six sub-criteria are defined to evaluate the sustainable and intelligent urban transportation systems of fifty global economies. The nine main criteria and their sub-criteria have never been used before for assessing the transportation systems of fifty global economies. The experts’ opinions are asked to deal with uncertainty when generating pairwise comparison matrices for specified criteria. Then, a novel integrated intuitionistic fuzzy-based AHP and VIKOR framework is proposed to assess the sustainable and intelligent urban transportation systems of fifty global economies. Economic (C1), safety (C2), and hazards (C3) are the top three weighted criteria from the results of the framework for evaluating the sustainable and intelligent urban transportation systems of fifty different economies. Also, the environmental impact and utilization (C5) and sustainability (C8) criteria are notable, and they constitute 21.6% of the total weight for the evaluation of sustainable and intelligent transportation processes. Then, several different scenarios and comparison studies are also presented for the fifty global economies. Sweden, the United States, and Denmark are the top three choices for sustainable and intelligent urban transportation systems based on the results. Moreover, managerial recommendations of the application are drawn for sustainable and intelligent transportation processes. Finally, the safe, reliable, sustainable, and intelligent transportation process may positively impact economic, environmental, and social aspects of the development process of global economies when minimizing potential disruptions and risks.

The unrestrained growth in urbanization and motorization generally contributes to an urban land use and transport system that is socially, economically, and environmentally unsustainable. Urban mobility systems are much diversified in developing countries taking into account their components in terms of transport modes and the development path linked to the urban growth. This paper uses Cotonou as a case study, which is the largest urban and economic city of Benin. The paper first reviews literatures on sustainable transport systems to comprehend the concept of sustainable development and transport. Based on the municipal development plan (MDP) adopted by the local authorities, the paper then evaluates the existing transport policies, projects and infrastructure system, to determine if the current paradigm is moving toward or away from sustainable transport. Furthermore, the principles for sustainable urban transport are developed to see what significance municipal transport policies have given to urban transport from a sustainable transport point of view. Finally some strategies are suggested, adoption of which may lead to a sustainable urban development and transport system in the city of Cotonou.Key words: Sustainable development; urbanization; Bus Rapid Transit; socio-economic; land use and urban transport system.

Evaluation of sustainability is the core of research on sustainable land use. To a certain extent, traditional social, economic and ecological evaluation for sustainable land use can be regarded as an appraisal on the temporal scale without evaluation of spatial patterns. Landscape ecology can help to realize spatial evaluation for sustainable land use. In this paper, we construct landscape ecological indicators for evaluating sustainable coastal land use from the aspects of landscape productivity, threats and stability, to realize a synthetic temporal-spatial evaluation. These cover the five pillars of sustainable land use, i.e. productivity, security, protection, viability and acceptability. The results of applying landscape ecological evaluation to a case study in Wudi County in China show that land use sustainability is somewhat low and there are great regional differences between its 11 villages. We classified the 11 villages into 5 grades: strong sustainable land use, sustainable land use, weak sustainable land use, weak unsustainable land use, and strong unsustainable land use. Each grade has different land use characteristics and differs in the counter-measures required. But the core countermeasures in all the grades are to improve landscape productivity, to reduce human threats and to optimize landscape patterns.

Achieving sustainable land use is one of the most important ways to achieve regional socio-economic sustainable development. We have collected 12 papers in this special issue “Sustainable Land Use in China” to show the varied application of sustainable land use studies and to provide meaningful decision-making information and policy implications for land use planners. We summarize the contributions to this special issue on sustainable land use and place them in perspective. Several studies focus on sustainable urban land use, some focus on sustainable rural land use, and others on environmental issues on land use. These studies have analyzed a broad array of topics related to land use, including the dynamic changes and driving forces of land use spatial patterns, sustainable land use, land use policy and optimization, and the environmental problems related to certain types of land use.

In today’s conditions, issues related to the ecology and sustainability of natural ecosystems and their components are becoming more relevant. It should be noted that the main driving force affecting the use of land resources is climate change. The demand for land will only grow. At the same time, sustainable (balanced) land use, which is carried out on the basis of sustainable development, equally concerns not only ensuring the protection and maintenance of land potential for future generations, but also providing social and economic opportunities today. Comprehensive spatial development plans for territorial communities are a strategic tool for ensuring effective management of territories. They must not only meet the current needs of the population, economy and infrastructure, but also form the basis for sustainable land use in the long term. In this context, it is important to integrate the principles of land management, which are based on scientific justification for the distribution of land for specific purposes, taking into account state, public and private interests. In addition, comprehensive spatial planning of the development of territorial communities in the face of modern environmental challenges requires the integration of strategic environmental assessment as a key tool for ensuring sustainable development. The growth of anthropogenic load, degradation of natural resources and the consequences of military actions require an objective assessment of the state of the environment, analysis of the potential impacts of planning decisions and the search for alternative approaches that minimize the negative impact on ecosystems. Effective strategic environmental assessment will contribute to the adoption of balanced decisions that will ensure environmental safety, biodiversity conservation and compliance with the goals of sustainable development of territorial communities. It is obvious that sustainable land use, for example, for forestry lands and sustainable use of forest resources are interconnected, since they relate to the use of natural resources that are in an inextricable organic connection. Therefore, the simultaneous integrated use of natural resources, inextricably linked to land, carried out at the level of sustainable nature management, is an important object of planning territorial development, environmental safety, and rational use of land resources. In this regard, the subordination of the legal regime of forestry lands to the legal regime of forests growing on these lands becomes important. In this case, the role of recreational and health-improving forests, which perform mainly recreational, sanitary, hygienic, health-improving functions and are located on relevant lands that require special protection at the level of comprehensive spatial development plans, is actualized in the planning process.