Abstract
The maintenance issue of batteries and the limited power level of energy harvesting is addressed by the presented integrated micropower supply. Connected to the 120/230- $\text {V}_{\text {RMS}}$ mains, it provides a 3.3-V ac output voltage, suitable for applications such as the Internet-of-Things and smart homes. The micropower supply consists of a fully integrated ac–dc and dc–dc converter with one external low-voltage surface mount device buffer capacitor, resulting in an extremely compact size. Fabricated in a low-cost 0.35- $\mu \text {m}~700$ -V complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, it covers a die size of 7.7 mm2. The ac–dc converter is a direct coupled, full-wave rectifier with a subsequent series regulator. The dc–dc stage is a fully integrated capacitive 4:1 converter with up to 17-V input and 47.4% peak efficiency. The power supply comprises several high-voltage control circuits including level shifters and various types of charge pumps (CPs). A source-supplied CP is utilized that supports a varying switching node potential. The overall losses are discussed and optimized, including flying capacitor bottom-plate losses. The power supply achieves an output power of 3 mW, resulting in a power density of 390 $\mu \text {W}/ \text {mm}^{2}$ . This exceeds prior art by a factor of 11.
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