Abstract
Sarcomas are rare solid tumors, but at least one-third of patients with sarcoma die from tumor-related disease. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a noncoding RNA that regulates gene expression in all cells and plays a key role in the progression of cancers. Recently, it was identified that miRNAs are transferred between cells by enclosure in extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes. The exosome is a 100 nm-sized membraned vesicle that is secreted by many kinds of cells and contains miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and proteins. Cancer uses exosomes to influence not only the tumor microenvironment but also the distant organ to create a premetastatic niche. The progression of sarcoma is also regulated by miRNAs and exosomes. These miRNAs and exosomes can be targeted as biomarkers and treatments. In this review, we summarize the studies of miRNA and exosomes in sarcoma.
Highlights
From the 1970s to the 1980s, the results of treatment for sarcoma has greatly improved by the new entrants doxorubicin, ifosfamide, high-dose methotrexate, and cisplatin [1]
We summarized current research on the miRNAs and exosomes of sarcomas
Recent advances in miRNAs and exosomes have led to the understanding of entirely new mechanisms of sarcoma development and progression
Summary
From the 1970s to the 1980s, the results of treatment for sarcoma has greatly improved by the new entrants doxorubicin, ifosfamide, high-dose methotrexate, and cisplatin [1]. It has been found that cancer-derived exosomes containing miRNAs are transferred to surrounding cells in microenvironments and distant organs These miRNAs have attracted attention as targets for biomarkers and treatment. 29 prevent osteoclastic maturity by targeting factor I/A (NFIA), which lineage is the activator of M-miR-155 suppresses and inhibits the differentiation of monocytes into osteoclasts. CSF MITF [13,14].expression miR-155 promotes the differentiation of monocytes into macrophage and osteoclast lineage cells are [15].derived miR-155 suppresses. Adipocytes are differentiation, while, highwhich miR-214 expression correlated with a reduction in bone formation, which targets andCCAAT-enhancer-binding inhibits osteoblast activity [17].proteins. It was successively reported that exosomal miRNAs are transferred to other cells and regulate the progression of various diseases, including cancer [25,26,27]. We will introduce the biogenesis and functions of exosomes in cancer
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