An Insider Testimony: Odia Ofeimun and His Generation of Nigerian Poets

This research departs from the phenomenon of rampant intolerance in Indonesia, rampant issues of SARA, brawl between students, discrimination between majority and minority because of the lack of understanding tolerance. Learning Islamic Religious Education is one means to disseminate the importance of understanding religious tolerance to students.The focus of research in this thesis are: (1) How to Study Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in developing student humanist value in State Junior High School 1Rambipuji and Catholic Junior High School St. Petrus Jember?; (2) How to study Islamic Education (PAI) in developing pluralist values of students at State Junior High School 1Rambipuji and Catholic Junior High School St. Petrus Jember?; (3) How to study Islamic Education (PAI) in developing the democratic value of students at State Junior High School 1Rambipuji and Catholic Junior High School St. Petrus Jember?
 This thesis uses descriptive qualitative approach with case study type research with multi case design. Data collection techniques through observation, interview and documentation. Researchers analyzed data with multi-case analysis of individual and cross site case analysis. Data validity using source triangulation.
 The findings show: First, PAI learning in the development of democratic, humanist and pluralist values at Rambipuji 1 Junior High School is the development in the classroom with PAI learning materials. From Class VII material as in the 2013 curriculum syllabus, class VIII is in the curriculum syllabus of KTSP, class IX as in the curriculum of the KTSP curriculum. While in St. Petrus Jember Middle School uses 18 character guidelines. The development of democratic values is also realized by bringing in teachers in accordance with the students 'religion, the activity of choosing class leaders and the student council leader in a democratic manner regardless of students' backgrounds, so that each student has the right to be chosen, besides that students are entitled to follow the talents and interests they want as self-development. The development of humanist values is also realized through social service activities, darling and scouts. The development of pluralistic values is realized by halal bil halal, the prohibition on eating is arbitrarily found during the holy month and praying according to the religion of each of them when steamala or before learning begins

PurposeThis study aims to explore the relation between CEO’s early-life extreme experiences and firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) taking while also examining the moderating influence of CEO power.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of public listed companies in China over 2010–2020 (with 6,008 firm-year observations), this study examines the context of multiple early-life extreme experiences by dividing CEO’s early-life extreme experiences into two distinct types: environment-based and individual-based experiences. The environment based early-life experiences include that of World War II and the Great Famine era (1959–1961), while the individual based early-life experiences cover individual experiences from poor families and military services.FindingsThis study finds that firm with CEOs poses all these early-life experiences tends to have higher CSR taking. Moreover, this study also finds that CEO power enhances the effect of CEO’s early-life extreme experiences on CSR.Originality/valueThis study provides a new perspective on the role of individual traits in driving altruistic CSR motivations by considering the impact of various events on the CEO’s values, perceptions and decision-making processes. In addition, this study also constructs a multiple-event measure of the early-life extreme experiences of CEOs that combines both external environmental and individual factors.

Experience-based brain development: Scientific underpinnings of the importance of early child development in a global world

The Swiss narrative of democracy is a well-known and well-studied topic. Not only is it still used by current—mostly populist and xenophobic—political actors, but it has been explored by at least two generations of historians who have tracked its development before the French Revolution and, to a lesser extent, during the 19th century, a period during which Swiss democracy was undergoing dramatic changes. This literature shows that this narrative was first an account of Swiss liberty before focusing on democracy per se. It also demonstrates that the democracy it depicts has very little to do with its medieval counterpart. However, historians mostly overlook a crucial element, which is highlighted in this volume, as they fail to truly analyse the use of the narrative form—and the consequences of its use, per se. By focusing first on the emergence of this narrative and then by thoroughly exploring its development during the post-revolutionary period, along with the evolution of democracy itself, this article seeks to prove the importance of the narrative (form) for the evolution of Swiss modern democracy—even today.

List of Practice Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments Introduction PART I. DIMENSIONS OF THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH 1. Humanistic Values and Democratic Norms: Equal Rights Historical Overview of Democratic Principles Values of the Humanistic Group Democratic Norms as Values in Action Humanistic Values 1-4 Humanistic Value 1: People Have Inherent Worth and Equal Right to Oportunity Humanistic Value 2: People Are Responsible for and to One Another Humanistic Value 3: People Have the Right to Belong to and Be Included in Supportive Systems Humanistic Value 4: People Have the Right to Take Part and to Be Heard Summary 2. Further Humanistic Values and Democratic Norms: Freedoms Humanistic Values 5-8 Humanistic Value 5: People Have the Right to Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Expression Humanistic Value 6: People Who Are Different Enrich One Another Humanistic Value 7: People Have the Right to Freedom of Choice Humanistic Value 8: People Have the Right to Question and Challenge Professionals in Authority Roles Summary 3. Stage Themes of Group Development Overview of Stage Theory The T-Group Model and the Boston Model Beginning, Middle, and Ending Phases Group Process and Group Purpose Stage Theory and Member Differences Stage Themes and Practitioner Reactions to Members Stage Themes: Humanism and Democracy Stage Themes of group development Stage Theme 1: We're Not in Charge Stage Theme 2: We Are in Charge Stage Theme 3: We're Taking You On Stage Theme 4: Sanctuary Stage Theme 5: This Isn't Good Anymore Stage Theme 6: We're Okay and Able Stage Theme 7: Just a Little Longer Summary PART II. OBJECTIVES AND TECHNIQUES OF HUMANISTIC GROUP WORK 4. Dual Objectives: Developing the Democratic Mutual Aid System and Actualizing Purpose The Dual Objectives: Developing the Democratic Mutual Aid System and Actualizing Purpose Developing the Democratic Mutual Aid System Actualizing Group Purpose Accomplishing the Dual Objectives Dual Objectives and the Change Process Interactions of the Dual Objectives Forms of Interaction that Foster the Democratic Mutual Aid System Forms of Interaction that Foster the Actualization of Group Purpose Summary 5. Techniques for Developing the Democratic Mutual Aid System Use of Technique Categorizing Techniques Techniques for Developing the Democratic Mutual aid System Facilitating Collective Participation Scanning Engaging the Group as a Whole Modulating the Expression of Feeling Facilitating Decision-Making Processes Processing the Here and Now Expressing Feelings About the Practitioner Role Goal Setting Good and Welfare Summary 6. Techniques for Actualizing Group Purpose Techniques for Actualizing Group Purpose Role Rehearsal Programming Group Reflective Consideration Interpretation Feedback Summary 7. Further Techniques for Actualizing Group Purpose Further Techniques for Actualizing Group Purpose Conflict Resolution Group Mending Confrontation Data and Facts Self-Disclosure Dealing With the Unknown Taking Stock Summary 8. Techniques for Developing the Democratic Mutual Aid System and Actualizing Group Purpose Techniques for Developing the Democratic Mutual Aid System and Actualizing Group Purpose Demand for Work Directing Lending a Vision Staying With Feelings Silence Support Exploration Identification Summary PART III. DIFFERENTIAL APPLICATION OF THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH 9. Assessing the Member in the Group Assessment Activities and the Group Member Assessing the Member in the Group Psychosocial Criteria for Assessment Capacity Toward Mutual Aid and Purpose Ego Abilities and Sense of Self Social Institutional Environment Stereotypes and Self-Fulfilling Prophesies Symbolic Representations of the Practitioner and Group Summary 10. Fields of Practice and Humanistic Group Work Mental Health Groups Health Care Groups Substance and Alcohol Addictions Groups Summary PART IV. PRACTICE VARIATIONS AND CONTINGENCIES 11. Short-Term, Single-Session, Open-Ended, and Structured Groups Short-Term Groups Single-Session Groups Open-Ended Groups Structured Groups Summary 12. Contingencies Setting Up the Group Meeting Preparing for the Initial Meeting Informal Between-Session Contacts With Practitioner Formal Between-Session Contacts With Practitioner Postgroup Responsibilities Copractice Summary References Index About the Author

Canadian progress in early child development – putting science into action

Background: Studies conducted in different countries have reported a relationship between suicidal tendencies and childhood trauma experiences, personality traits, and psychological pain. It would be valuable to re-examine such a relationship in Iranian culture. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate early life experiences, temperament, character, and psychological pain in suicidal attempters and normal individuals. Methods: This cross-sectional, causal-comparative, basic research was conducted retrospectively on all individuals who had attempted suicide by drug poisoning and were referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital of Kermanshah, Iran. The study sample, consisting of 121 suicide attempters by drug poisoning and 121 healthy individuals (companions of suicide attempters), was selected by purposeful sampling, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants completed the questionnaires about early life experiences, temperament, character, and mental pain. A discriminant analysis was also performed to analyze the data. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 26. Results: Based on the simultaneous discriminant analysis, 4 predicting variables (early life experiences, temperament, character, and psychological pain components) could explain 91.7% of the variance in suicide attempts. Based on the stepwise discriminant analysis, six subscales predicting variables (emptiness/worthlessness, harm avoidance, persistence, worthlessness, cooperation, and self-transcendence) could explain 91.7% of the variance in suicide attempts, as shown in the discriminant function analysis for differentiation of suicide attempters from normal people. Conclusions: Based on the findings of the present study, emptiness/worthlessness, personality traits, and early traumatic experiences can predispose individuals to suicide attempts. Therefore, there is an urgent need for psychological interventions to reduce psychological pain in suicidal attempters.

The study of the development of democratic principles in the European constitutions of the eighteenth century and their impact on the formation of Ukrainian constitutionalism is relevant in analyzing the historical and legal foundations of democracy. The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk deserves special attention as a unique document that integrates democratic ideas in the context of the national liberation struggle. The aim of the study is to examine the impact of European democratic principles on the formation of Ukraine’s legal, social, and cultural foundations, highlighting the role of democratic traditions in shaping both constitutional development and civic identity. The research methodology is based on historical, comparative, systematic, content analysis and chronological methods. The study identifies the critical democratic principles enshrined in the European constitutions of the eighteenth century, such as popular sovereignty, separation of powers and guarantees of human rights, and their impact on Ukrainian legislation. The analysis of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk shows its uniqueness as a document that combines democratic ideas with traditional customary law. It is established that European constitutions have influenced the formation of modern Ukrainian constitutionalism by integrating fundamental democratic values. The practical importance of the study lies in its potential to inform and enhance the ongoing reform of the Ukrainian legal system, aligning it with European standards and reinforcing the processes of democratic society in the present era. The study also considers the socio-cultural dimension of democracy, exploring how constitutional principles influenced Ukrainian societal structures and cultural identity during key historical periods.

Arundhati Roy, an esteemed author, essayist, and activist hailing from India, has become a tireless supporter of marginalized communities, advocating for issues that reveal and confront systemic injustices. This paper goes into Roy’s diverse contributions to the quest for social justice and democracy, with a particular emphasis on her literary creations and public engagement. In her novels, such as The God of Small Things and The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, Roy uncovers the deeply ingrained inequalities associated with caste, class, gender, and religion. Through her storytelling, she seeks to amplify the voices of those who are oppressed. These narratives act not only as incisive critiques of prevailing societal norms but also as reflections on the broader sociopolitical landscape of modern India. In addition to her literary contributions, Arundhati Roy’s activism addresses significant global and local challenges, such as environmental deterioration, the forced relocation of indigenous communities, and the shortcomings of neoliberal policies. Her vocal resistance to state-sponsored oppression, along with her critical examination of globalization, highlights the inherent conflicts between democratic principles and capitalist motivations. By positioning her efforts alongside grassroots movements and various struggles for resistance, Roy’s advocacy confronts dominant power structures and calls for accountability from those in authority. This study conducts a qualitative examination of the works, speeches, and interviews of Roy, utilizing postcolonial, feminist, and intersectional theoretical frameworks. The objective is to delve into the ways her literary and activist initiatives converge to form a cohesive appeal for justice. Additionally, this analysis contextualizes Roy’s contributions within the broader global conversation concerning democracy and resistance, illuminating both the transformative possibilities and the drawbacks of her efforts. By focusing on Roy’s work as a specific example, this research highlights the crucial role that literature and activism play in cultivating critical awareness and motivating social transformation.

Les influences du systeme politique iroquois sur la Constitution et les conceptions fondatrices de la democratie americaine

Twenty‐seven years of uninterrupted democratic government in Botswana have produced political stability and an economic boom in the 1980s. The economic boom is gradually ebbing away and the democracy is showing signs of weakening in the early 1990s. In this paper I argue that the reason why democracy is under threat is because the evolution of democracy at the macro‐level has not been matched by a concomitant development of democracy at micro levels—in institutions such as schools, colleges, the university and in civil society. In order to sustain this young democracy for future posterity, it is critical that democracy be developed and cherished by all state institutions and civil society at large. In arguing that democracy is relevant for analysing teacher education management in Botswana, the paper sets out to investigate whether this principle of democracy is being translated into the management policies and practices of teacher education institutions on the ground.

Although multiple lines of evidence suggest that early adult life is very important in shaping the reproductive behavior of males, few studies have looked at the fitness consequences of the variation in reproductive behavior induced by differences in early life experience of males. Using a long term laboratory adapted population of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae), early life experience, in terms of co-inhabitant numbers, was found to affect male mating behavior and at least one fitness component. However, in contrast to previous studies, a non-linear relationship was found between early life experience and fitness components and a significant effect of co-inhabitant number on copulation duration and sperm defense. Both these traits showed a sharp increase as the co-inhabitant numbers changed from 1 to 16. However, there was a decline in the trait values as the co-inhabitant number increased further. The probable causes for the observed non-linear pattern of responses are discussed.

GREEK philosophy in general, and Plato in particular, are like the Scriptures: the Devil can, and often does, quote them for his own purpose. So it is that modern totalitarianism-communism as well as fascism-has adopted Plato as its spiritual ancestor. Many modern proponents of with that sheepish awe of totalitarian propaganda which has been so characteristic of them, have accepted the totalitarian premises and regarded Plato as their arch-enemy. In fact, there is some justification for both attitudes. But they are due in part, also, to a simple confusion of the modern with the ancient concept of democracy and in part to a simple ignorance of what the Greek philosophers said. Because Plato and the Greek philosophers, in general, show a considerable distaste for 3'qgQKpaTna it is assumed that their contempt applies exactly to democracy; and because a good half of what they had to say is blandly ignored, it is assumed that their apparently totalitarian doctrines are the whole of it. Consequently, in this essay we shall approach the question fromboth ends. We shall suggest, on theonehand, that the democracy condemned by the Greek theorists is by no means the exact equivalent of modern On the other hand, we shall suggest that, in many of the most important features which distinguish modern democracy from modern totalitarianism, the Greek tradition, including Plato, is emphatically on the side of First, then, what are some of the features which distinguish ancient democracies from modern? Or, rather, since both these terms are meaningless in their broadness, what features distinguish Athenian democracy of the late fifth and the fourth centurieswhat Aristotle calls Extreme or Pure Democracy-from our own democracy? The fundamental difference, perhaps, is this: pure fourth-century Athenian at any rate as characterized by its opponents, would appear to us as not democracy at all, but as a dictatorship of the proletariat. Democracy, in Greek, means, quite literally, the rule of the demos; and by the fourth century the demos is only incidentally, as Aristotle puts it, the majority; the essential point is that it is the poor. Consequently, democracy is, in Plato's phrase, a class state, just as oligarchy is. Only it is organized in the interest of a different class, the poor instead of the rich and the urban population instead of the rural. This conception of democracy should not surprise us: it is precisely what modern Communists seem to mean when they refer to Russia as the great democracy. Still, it is not what we understand by the term democracy, as the harried semanticists in our State Department continue to insist; and, to the extent that it is a true description of Athenian Athenian democracy differed from ours-of today at any rate. It may well be, of course, that ours will one day reach the same goal. It may be that the evolution of democracy toward a class state, organized primarily in the interest of the poor, is inevitable; that, in ancient or modern democracies, the sole, finally effective, brake on this progress is the selfimposed discipline of the majority and its foresightedness in the selection of its leaders. It may be, indeed, that every form of political organization is merely a veneer over a latent class struggle-a veneer thin enough to reveal the sovereign power of the state (whether the poor, the rich, the noble, the wise, the strong, or what not) organizing the laws and institutions to its own advantage. This view, at any rate, is strongly maintained with reference to Athenian democracy by an anonymous fifth-century

A Note on the Causal Factors of China's Famine in 1959–1961

This case study discusses how the democratic governance principles and norms impact development in the SADC, and how institutional and structural reforms require greater participation by society to address the governance challenges encountered in this subregion of Africa. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to examine and assess the relationship between SADC’s governance, democratic principles and norms, development plans and processes. A comparative analysis was conducted using SADC’s key democratic achievement connected to policies, processes, and remaining challenges. Subsequently, the key causes of SADC’s slow development on the African continent were explored, focusing on the failure to institutionalise liberal democratic governance consistently during postcolonial transition periods, speculating SADC’s slow development. The findings suggest that SADC is impacted by democratic principles, norms, and processes, such as local governance, civil society, and decentralisation of power. Bearing in mind Southern Africa’s economic frailty, elevated levels of civil unrest and poor service delivery, SADC authorities require a strong sub-regional governance strategy supported by robust national programmes to determine and overcome the factors hindering the institutionalisation of democratic principles in SADC, and promote strengthened institutional capacity. The unambiguous progression towards the consolidation of democracy, within the SADC, has impacted the governance and development successes of the region, resulting in democratic values and practices remaining shallowly rooted, and slow progress toward open and transparent governance.