Abstract
Indoor positioning systems based on visible light communication (VLC) using white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) have been widely studied in the literature. In this paper, we present an indoor visible-light positioning (VLP) system based on red–green–blue (RGB) LEDs and a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) scheme. This system combines the functions of an FDM scheme at the transmitters (RGB LEDs) and a received signal strength (RSS) technique to estimate the receiver position. The contribution of this work is two-fold. First, a new VLP system with RGB LEDs is proposed for a multi-cell network. Here, the RGB LEDs allow the exploitation of the chromatic space to transmit the VLP information. In addition, the VLC receiver leverages the responsivity of a single photodiode for estimating the FDM signals in RGB lighting channels. A second contribution is the derivation of an expression to calculate the optical power received by the photodiode for each incident RGB light. To this end, we consider a VLC channel model that includes both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) components. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) estimates the powers and frequencies of the received FDM signal. The receiver uses these optical signal powers in the RSS-based localization application to calculate the Euclidean distances and the frequencies for the RGB LED position. Subsequently, the receiver’s location is estimated using the Euclidean distances and RGB LED positions via a trilateration algorithm. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are performed to evaluate the error performance of the proposed VLP system in a multi-cell scenario. The results show a high positioning accuracy performance for different color points. The average positioning error for all chromatic points was less than 2.2 cm. These results suggest that the analyzed VLP system could be used in application scenarios where white light balance or luminaire color planning are also the goals.
Highlights
Indoor positioning systems (IPS) have been widely studied in the literature for different applications such as indoor navigation in museums and exhibition centers, tracking people or objects in indoor scenarios, robot movement control, location-based advertisement distribution in stores, etc. [1]
Vieira et al [26] only presents a visible light positioning (VLP) architecture for one cell where the complexity is affected due to multiple processes. It does not provide an explicit expression to estimate the Euclidean distances of the VLP system based on RGB LEDs
We explored a total of seven color points p1 to p7 for the RGB LED configuration
Summary
Indoor positioning systems (IPS) have been widely studied in the literature for different applications such as indoor navigation in museums and exhibition centers, tracking people or objects in indoor scenarios, robot movement control, location-based advertisement distribution in stores, etc. [1]. In 2016, Hsu et al proposed an indoor visible light positioning experiment that combines the LED’s ID positioning, RSS, radio frequency carrier allocation, and a solar cell as an optical receiver This VLP system uses three WLEDs in a single cell, which achieved centimeter-level positioning accuracy [15]. Vieira et al [26] only presents a VLP architecture for one cell where the complexity is affected due to multiple processes It does not provide an explicit expression to estimate the Euclidean distances of the VLP system based on RGB LEDs. the work in [26] does not report the result of the evaluation of the localization error’s performance. We propose for the first time an indoor VLP solution for a multi-cell network using RGB LEDs. The positioning system combines a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) scheme with an RSS-based trilateration method within a network with K cells.
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