An incandescent self-exploration: Ambiguities and unconscious logic in Day of Wrath (Vredens Dag), directed by Carl Theodor Dreyer (Denmark 1943)

Robert Bly He's the Barnum & Bailey of contemporary American poetry. I mean this as a compliment. Since the late 1950s nobody has come near sustained, irrepressible performance at the highest level in so many rings of poetry. He writes poems and brilliant, pathfinding translations; edits one of the finest little magazines and presses; discharges salvoes of critical opinions; offers spectacular public readings; and introduces fresh, vital tales of mythology and philosophy into the body of our literature. And he's never boring. Whatever he writes one reads with instant interest and often excitement, even when, at times, one's tempted to murmur or bellow, in disagreement, Captain Bligh! One night in the late 1970s I was in the audience at a reading/performance Robert gave at the Body Politic Theatre, in Chicago. It was, hands down, the finest reading I've ever heard. It began with a nasty scene. As Robert was trying to introduce the reading a gaggle of ragtail and bobtail poets calling themselves Chicago surrealists rushed to the small stage and began pelting him with flour mix. One hulking surrealist, dressed in Army-Navy Store black, gargled at the audience that theirs was retribution for some recent review Robert had written in The New York Times, daring to criticize their hero Octavio Paz. It would be an insult to Falstaff's gang of ragamuffins and cutpurses to say that the surrealists resembled them; Falstaff's had wit and style. At first, the audience took it to be part of the show, but soon it became obvious they meant harm, maybe even physical assault. Several leapt from the audience, led by poet and bookseller Douglas Macdonald, and gave the bums the rush out. Robert's reaction was terrific. Throughout, he simply stood ground, looking like some Scandinavian Lutheran pastor from Carl Dryer's great Day of Wrath, brushed away the flour, and, without a word, got on with what he'd come to share. Which he did, superbly. With intensity, with warmth, wit, with passion, with joy, he read poems by everybody - Rilke, Rumi, Neruda, Kabir, own, Jim Wright, Ekloff, Kit Smart. And he told tales - often wearing an animal mask - that Aesop and Joseph Campbell would have relished. And never once did he throw a sop to the usual, tiresome and too often pretentious style of correct poetry reading we've all suffered through on evenings sponsored by the Academy of American Poets, the 92nd Street YMCA, St. Marks-in-the-Bowery, and Poetry Magazine. How often at such readings the poem is presented with such fastidious handling, with such kid or Handy Andy gloves, that the event resembles Ensore's wonderful, wicked drawing of the Physicians of Darius I examining for divine sign the contents of the sacred stool before the Battle of Obfuscatus. Robert Bly's performance was a tribute to the spirit of poetry itself. It is not fanciful to say that we heard one of the voices of Orpheus speaking, at times, through him. The show went on for hours and hours. It should have gone on all night. William S. Burroughs Reptilian. That's how a Village Voice writer described him at some literary party in New York City in the late 1960s. A few years later, Burroughs and Ginsberg came to Chicago to give a benefit reading for the new Poetry Center I'd helped to set up at the Museum of Contemporary Art and to receive a healthy honorarium we'd been able to rustle up. We're having dinner before the benefit at a fine Mexican place called Su Casa; it is the first time Burroughs and I have met; and the Village Voice writer was right. It isn't so much that he reminds you of Holmes' description of Professor Moriarty - his face protrudes forward, and is for ever slowly oscillating from side to side in a curious reptilian fashion - rather, it's what he doesn't say. …

“Viimne reliikvia” ja “Kolme katku vahel”: ruumist eesti ajalookirjanduse ekraniseeringutes / The Last Relic and Between Three Plagues: On Space in Film Adaptations of Estonian Historical Fiction

This chapter defends a partial intentionalist approach that is distinct from the strongest forms of actualist intentionalism as well as the kind of conditionalist intentionalism advocated by some of the advocates of philosophically motivated interpretations of art, such as Thomas Wartenberg. The chapter argues that partial intentionalism is not vulnerable to the objections leveled against other versions of intentionalism. One of those objections hinges on the fallibility of intentions and of the art-making actions related to them. This chapter responds to this problem by discussing the conditions under which intentions are successfully realized in the work. Different approaches to this question are surveyed with reference to the work of H. P. Grice and his followers. The chapter defends a proposal involving a ‘meshing’ or congruence relation between intentions and features of the audio-visual display. The application of this type of success condition is illustrated in a discussion of the determination of the fictional content of Carl Theodor Dreyer's 1943 film, Day of Wrath.

Studies drawing analogies between the media of the premodern and early modern past (scrolls, manuscripts, books, tapestries) and the electronic and digital media of the postmodern present (computer screens, pdf, film, DVD) have by now become familiar.1 Medieval and Early Modern Film and Media follows in the tracks of this scholarship: I read the historical film, focusing chiefly on Day of Wrath (dir. Carl Theodor Dreyer, 1943), El Cid (dir. Anthony Mann, 1961), Kingdom of Heaven (dir. Ridley Scott, 2005), and The Return of Martin Guerre (dir. Daniel Vigne, 1981), and a number of films I link to the "schlock of medievalism" (Burt 2007c), in relation to the history of the film by comparing transitions from manuscript to printed book to the transitions from celluloid to digital film. In so doing, my ambition is to put into dialogue scholarship on illuminated manuscripts, textual marginalia, and the history of the book in medieval and early modern literary studies with scholarship on the cinematic paratext in literary, film, and media theory.KeywordsDigital MediumHistoricist CriticismCritical PracticeForeign WordPragmatic FunctionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

While also encompassing Carl Theodor Dreyer’s classics, La Passion de Jeanne d’Arc (1928) and Day of Wrath (1943), this chapter analyzes in depth the unconventionally long scene at the end of the director’s Ordet (1955), which depicts the apparent resurrection of a main character who has died in childbirth. Usually attributed to the Catholic faith, miracles like the resurrection in Ordet foreground an oft-neglected strand in Protestantism—namely, the paradoxical Protestant credo quia absurdum (I believe because it is absurd). Like the movies of Ingmar Bergman (1918–2007), the movies of Carl Theodor Dreyer (1889–1968) epitomize the potential of film as a medium of spiritual-poetic exploration, especially of those areas where faith embraces mystery.

This article examines responses from Lutheran pastors, theologians, and physicians to the arguments given by Johann Weyer in 1563 that those women who confessed to a pact with the devil suffered from melancholy and were thus not responsible for their acts. Weyer's conception of melancholy was a medical one, yet among Lutheran pastors and theologians the concept of a spiritual form of melancholy emerged that came from religious sources. The article clarifies the difference between the concepts of medical and spiritual melancholy within Lutheranism and reviews the respective roles they played in the debates over Weyer's arguments.

In 1590, after Norway’s most famous witch trial, Anne Pedersdotter was burned alive. Resource scarcity and religious competition transformed an old superstition into a witch craze to which Anne fell victim. Her story became a play in 1908 and a film in 1943. The two adaptations attempt to give Anne’s persecution more modern explanations. In the play Anne Pedersdotter, Anne has psychic powers that make her neighbors think she is a Satanic collaborator. In the film Day of Wrath, Anne embodies humanistic aspirations that would have been delusional in her own era and that are perhaps also poorly adapted to human nature in general. The trial and the two fictional versions of the trial all illustrate how thought patterns that evolved for small groups of foragers can be overstimulated in post-agricultural environments. This article identifies cognitive dispositions that, in periods of crisis, can trigger persecution of outsiders, discusses how those universal mechanisms man­ifest themselves in different cultural contexts, and examines the historically specific beliefs and values that animate the two fictional versions of Anne’s story. The article concludes with reflections on how the evolved cognitive mechanisms that led to beliefs in witchcraft often manifest themselves, in the present, as conspiracy beliefs directed at minorities.

Stakeholder theory and game theory were applied to analyze the stakeholders, role definition, participation, interest, power, position and the shift of positions under different conditions in the negotiation. Use SPSS 17.0 to analyze the database of NCMS in 2009~2010 in three counties of Hubei province, and then employ Linear programming method to do a case study of price negotiation.It is difficult to meet all stakeholders' expectations under the current condition of catastrophic disease insurance pooled at municipal-level. Medical cost differences in tertiary hospitals at provincial level are small for different regions, which constitute a basis for price negotiation at provincial level. Besides, the negotiation at province level can effectively address the conflicts of interest, and promote the negotiations. Negotiation at provincial level for such diseases, and formulating unified pricing standards for multi-wins. Key words: Catastrophic disease; Designated hospitals at provincial level; Stakeholder; Game theory

We consider the effect of a small cut-off epsilon on the velocity of a traveling wave in one dimension. Simulations done over more than ten orders of magnitude as well as a simple theoretical argument indicate that the effect of the cut-off epsilon is to select a single velocity which converges when epsilon tends to 0 to the one predicted by the marginal stability argument. For small epsilon, the shift in velocity has the form K(log epsilon)^(-2) and our prediction for the constant K agrees very well with the results of our simulations. A very similar logarithmic shift appears in more complicated situations, in particular in finite size effects of some microscopic stochastic systems. Our theoretical approach can also be extended to give a simple way of deriving the shift in position due to initial conditions in the Fisher-Kolmogorov or similar equations.

Semiconductors in the shape of nanostructures, including quantum dots (0-dimension) and nanoplatelets (2-dimension) demonstrate unique electronic and optoelectronic properties because of the quantum mechanism related to excitons confined in low dimensions. Such confinement can provide intriguing properties like high capability of photo-activated carriers, band gap tunability, splendid photoluminescence (PL) yield, narrow emission bandwidth, high absorption efficiency of light, fast fluorescence lifetime, etc. These properties attract great attention due to their high potential in applications like solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, photodetectors, catalysts, etc. Novel semiconductors including MoS2, MXene and perovskite have received increasing research interest in recent years. Unlike traditional semiconductor materials like Si, Ge, II-VI and III-V materials, the novel ones usually have low-dimensional form natively, which have emerged as very promising candidates for advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices. Among the various novel semiconductor materials, this thesis focuses on two types of them, which are MXene Sc2CO2 and cesium lead halide perovskite CsPbBr3. The two materials have some features in common. Both of them are direct band gap materials, which makes them available for optical applications. And they can be synthesized directly into two-dimensional structure, which o ers the opportunity to learn the influence of one-dimensional confinement. To extend the study into another dimension, the quantum dots of CsPbBr3 are also studied. The first part of the thesis focuses on the study of Sc2COx which is a type of semi-conductive MXene. The material is synthesized for the first time by using magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are performed to determine the composition of the sample. The band gap of Sc2COx sample is determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) range absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. The Tauc plot indicates that Sc2COx is a direct band gap material. The high sensitivity of scandium to oxygen makes the sample contain both scandium carbide and scandium oxide. Thermal annealing introduces more oxidation into the sample. The structure of MXene will be broken when the annealing temperature is higher than 600C. The second part of the thesis focuses on the study of perovskite CsPbBr3 in forms of nanoplatelets and quantum dots. For CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets, the effect of thickness of cesium lead halide perovskite CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets (NPLs) on their electronic structure and optical properties are investigated using an 8-band k · p model which is based on effective-mass envelope function theory with exciton binding energy consideration. We first reported the CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets' band structure and optical gain with exciton effect. As the thickness of NPLs decreases, their band gap increases and the band mixing is more obvious which influences the transition matrix element (TME). The optical gain of CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets is calculated by taking into account TME, Fermi factor, injected carrier density and thickness. A blue shift of peak position in optical gain can be observed as the thickness of NPLs decreases. For any given NPL with a certain thickness, there is a slight blue shift in the peak position of optical gain as the carrier density increases because of band filling effect. The maximum optical gain of thinner NPLs needs higher carrier density to reach saturation. To obtain high differential gain, the carrier density in thick NPLs has to maintain in a small range. Experimental work is carried out and the results agree with our theoretical results very well. For quantum dot, the size effect on the electronic structure and optical properties of cubic CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots are investigated by using an 8-band k · p model which is also based on effective-mass envelope function theory with exciton binding energy consideration. Quantum dots with smaller sizes have larger band gaps due to quantum confinement. The transition matrix element (TME) is also influenced by the size. The optical gain of such material is calculated by considering TME, Fermi factor, injected carrier density, quantum dot size, and dephasing rate. A higher density of the injected carrier is needed for smaller quantum dots to get a positive optical gain. The peak of optical gain has a blue shift as the size of a quantum dot decreases. When the carrier density increases for a quantum dot with a certain size, a blue shift in emission peak position can be observed due to the band filling effect. Smaller quantum dots have higher differential optical gain at carrier densities within a certain range. In a word, two direct band gap semiconductor materials, Sc2COx and CsPbBr3 are studied via theoretical and experimental approaches. Their band-structure and optical properties are presented, followed by the analysis of their potential in applications.

To determine the systematic error (∑), random error (σ) and derive PTV margin at different levels of the target volumes in Nasopharyngeal Cancer (NPC). A retrospective offline review was done for patients who underwent IMRT for NPC from June 2015 to May 2016 at our institution. Alternate day kV images were matched with digitally reconstructed radiographs to know the setup errors. All radiographs were matched at three levels - the clivus, third cervical (C3) and sixth cervical (C6) vertebra. The shifts in positions along the vertical, longitudinal and lateral axes were noted and the ∑ and σ at three levels were calculated. PTV margins were derived using van Herk's formula. Twenty patients and 300 pairs of orthogonal portal films were reviewed. The ∑ for the clivus, C3 and C6 along vertical, longitudinal and lateral directions were 1.6 vs. 1.8 vs. 2mm; 1.2 vs. 1.4 vs. 1.4mm and 0.9 vs. 1.6 and 2.3mm, respectively. Similarly, the random errors were 1.1 vs. 1.4 vs. 1.8mm; 1.1 vs. 1.2 vs. 1.2mm and 1.2 vs. 1.3 vs. 1.6mm. The PTV margin at the clivus was 4.4mm along the vertical, 4mm along the longitudinal direction and 3.2m in the lateral direction. At the C3 level, it was 5.5mm in the vertical, 5mm in the lateral direction and 4.4mm in the longitudinal direction. At the C6 level, it was 6.4mm in the vertical, 6.9mm in the lateral direction and 4.4mm in the longitudinal direction. A differential margin along different levels of target may be necessary to adequately cover the target.

Overwrite in thin film rigid disk recording is studied experimentally using disks with a wide range of magnetic moment and coercivity. Standard f/sub 2//f/sub 1/ overwrite is investigated in detail at various recording currents and different flying heights. A theoretical model is developed using simple analytical approximations that relate demagnetization-field-induced position shift (hard transition shift) to the measured overwrite. The demagnetization fields due to the leading edge transitions are calculated analytically including a good approximation to the gapped head image. The results compare well with experimental measurements. A new overwrite measurement technique using the second harmonic component of a 0.5f/sub 1/, signal is also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Dielectric properties and ac electrical conductivity of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber‐poly(vinyl chloride)/Graphite Composite were studied at different frequencies (102−106 Hz) in the temperature range (298–423 K). The results show that the dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric loss (ε″), ac electrical conductivity (σac) and, the electric modulus are strongly dependent on the frequency and temperature. The dielectric constant ε′ increases with temperature and decreases with frequency, whereas the dielectric loss ε″ displays a broad maximum peak whose position shifts with temperature to a higher frequency region. Cole–Cole diagrams have been used to investigate the frequency dependence of the complex impedance at different temperature and graphite loading. Interfacial or Maxwell‐Wagner‐Sillars relaxation process was revealed in the frequency range and temperature interval of the measurements, which was found to follow the Havriliak–Negami approach for the distribution of relaxation times. At constant temperature, the frequency dependence of ac conductivity was found to fit with the established equation σac(ω) = Aωs quite well. The values of S for the investigated samples lie between 0.88 and 0.11. The conduction mechanism of ac conduction was discussed by comparing the behavior of the frequency exponent S(T) with different theoretical models. It was found that the correlated barrier hopping (C.B.H.) is the dominant conduction mechanism. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

This thesis presents results on two microwave, double-resonance, Rubidium 87 atomic clocks. These studies are motivated by the need for compact and miniature clocks with improved performances or improved Size,Weight and Power (SWaP). A first clock study, covered in chapter 3, focuses on the μPOP clock, the first demonstration of Double Resonance (DR) Ramsey operation in a micro-manufactured hot-vapor cell clock.With a short-termstability of σy(τ ) ≤ 2 × 10−11τ−1/2 and long-termstability of 1.5 × 10−12 at one day, the μPOP clock features state-of-the-art stability for microwave miniature cell clocks. As demonstrated in [1], the μPOP clock short-term stability has been optimized to mitigate the Dick effect and laser Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) contributions, with the latter being the biggest contributor to the short-termstability. The long-terminstability budget shows that the intensity and frequency light shifts contributions are one and two order of magnitudes lower than the measured stability with a contribution of the order of 10−13 and 10−14 at one day, respectively. This confirms the interest of the Pulsed Optically Pumped (POP) approach compared to the ContinuousWave (CW) scheme and sets the potential performances of the μPOP clock. Other long-termcontributors to the instabilities have been evaluated. In the upper limit, the contribution of the cell-temperature shift to the instability is estimated to be two orders of magnitude below the measured stability, confirming the benefit of the N2 and Ar buffer gas-mixture approach for a close to zero cell-temperature sensitivity coefficient. The last two effects, the microwave-power and the position shifts are the greatest contributor to the mid and long-termstability with the latter being the limiting long-term phenomenon whose contribution must be carefully evaluated using the Groslambert covariance. The μPOP studies conclude with the description of a fast and reliable method for measuring the relaxation rates in Ramsey DR vapor-cell clocks. At the nominal cell temperature, namely ≈ 100◦C, the population and coherence relaxations rates are measured to be at the order of 5 kHz and 4 kHz, respectively. Their values have been measured down to 60◦C with both at the order of 1 kHz. Finally, a theoretical model using only parameters taken from the literature has been derived to describe the measured relaxation rates values with agreement within 20%. Chapter 4 focuses on the simulation and realization of a microwave cavity for a DR cold-atom clock using a GratingMagneto-Optical Trap (GMOT). The final cavity shows a low quality factor of Q ≈ 360 which is in the interest of reducing the cavity-pulling shift. The TE011-like cavity mode is separated by at least 500 MHz from the neighbouring modes as predicted by the simulations. The same simulations allowed to effectively predict the cavity’s resonance frequency with a small error of 60 MHz which can easily be compensated by the cavity frequency tuning mechanism. The expected simulated excellent properties of the resonance mode in termof microwave field uniformity and homogeneity are confirmed by measurement of the field field orientation factor of 97% and low Rabi oscillation damping, respectively. Chapter 5 focuses on the integration of the microwave cavity in a clock setup designed by Erling Riis group from the university of Strathclyde. The clock described in this chapter is the first realization of a DR Ramsey Rb cold-atom clock using a GMOT for cooling and trapping which reduces the clock footprint. In practise, ≈ 106 atoms at ≈ 10 μK are loaded thanks to the grating. Ramsey fringes were successfully obtained with Ramsey times up to 20 ms, limited by the clock geometric design. The clock implements state-selection that allows for increased Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and better short-term stability of ≈ 1.5 × 10−11τ−1/2. This stability is well-explained by SNR of the fringes. Long-term stability is dominated by the 2nd-order Zeeman shift contribution as the clock is not magnetically shielded. The two studies presented in this thesis, namely the μPOP and cold-atom clocks, pave the way towards more miniature and compact frequency standards, respectively. Further improvements of the former would yield a intensity light shift limited clock with ≈ 10−13 stability at one day. Further version of the latter clock using the cavity as standalone vacuum system would allow for reduced SWaP cold-atom frequency standards.

The paper presents an approach for making real-time three-dimensional vector flow imaging. Synthetic aperture data acquisition is used, and the data is beamformed along the flow direction to yield signals usable for flow estimation. The signals are cross-related to determine the shift in position and thereby velocity. The data can be beamformed after reception in any direction and any vectorial velocity can be found. More than 60 independent velocity volumes can be made per second with this approach. A 3 MHz 2D matrix transducer consisting of 64 /spl times/ 64 elements with /spl lambda//2 pitch are used. The emissions are done using 16 /spl times/ 16 = 256 elements at a time and the received signals from the same elements are sampled. Access to the individual elements is done through 16-to-1 multiplexing, so that only a 256 channels transmitting and receiving system are needed. The method has been investigated using Field II. Parabolic flow in a 10 mm radius vessel inclined at 60 degrees to the acoustical axis of the transducer was simulated. The mean standard deviation of he estimates was 0.0098 m/s over the whole vessel cross-section, which is 3.3% relative to the peak velocity. The bias was 0.023 m/s (7.5%). False peaks were found mainly at the edges of the vessel due to the echo-cancelling, and the probability of false detection was 2.2%.