An implementation of sensor network to assess near real-time digital twin fidelity

Dynamic power management (DPM) technology has been widely used in sensor networks. Though many specific technical challenges remain and deserve much further study, the primary factor currently limiting progress in sensor networks is not these challenges but is instead the lack of an overall sensor network architecture. In this paper, we first develop a new architecture of sensor networks. Then we modify the sleep state policy developed by Sinha and Chandrakasan in (IEEE Design Test Comput.2001;18(2):62–74) and deduce that a new threshold satisfies the sleep‐state transition policy. Under this new architecture, nodes in deeper sleep states consume lower energy while asleep, but require longer delays and higher latency costs to awaken. Implementing DPM with considering the battery status and probability of event generation will reduce the energy consumption and prolong the whole lifetime of the sensor networks. We also propose a new energy‐efficient DPM, which is a modified sleep state policy and combined with optimal geographical density control (OGDC) (Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks2005;1(1–2):89–123) to keep a minimal number of sensor nodes in the active mode in wireless sensor networks. Implementing dynamic power management with considering the battery status, probability of event generation and OGDC will reduce the energy consumption and prolong the whole lifetime of the sensor networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this paper, we propose a secure architecture for healthcare wireless sensor networks. After a careful examination of the security requirements and the security threats to healthcare sensor networks, we argue that security measures for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) must take application context in consideration rather than seek security solutions in a one-size-fits-all fashion. We integrate security mechanisms into our architecture for WSN in healthcare applications rather than add-on values after a general WSN architecture. Our secure architecture is unique in that it decouples patient level and system level, each of which possesses drastic differences in security requirements and computation resources. Under such architecture, security schemes/protocols are readily deployed.

Autonomic communication is a new paradigm to enable network self-configuration, self-organization, self-healing, and autonomic behaviour. Emerging networks need this autonomic behaviour in order to ensure mainly quality of service, resilience and reliability of the network which is highly necessary for a long term service operation. Typical environments where such a deployment is extremely important come from wireless sensor networks. Indeed, sensor networks are strongly distributed and need for a self-organized and self-manageable architecture to provide a reliable service support. To come up with these properties, this paper introduces a new autonomic-oriented architecture (AoA) for wireless sensor networks.

Sensor networks play an important role in the next generation pervasive computing. But its characteristic of wireless communication brings a great challenge to the security measures used in the communication protocols. These measures are different from conventional security methods. In this paper, we proposed a security architecture for self-organizing mobile wireless sensor networks. It can prevent most of attacks based on intrusion detection. Then an analysis of each layer in our security architecture is discussed and the secure measures in the link layer and network layer are described in detail especially.

In the past few years wireless sensor networks have received a greater interest in application such as disaster management, border protection, combat field reconnaissance and security surveillance. Wireless sensor networks are composed of large number of sensor nodes, which are limited in resources i.e. memory, energy and computation power. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) facilitate monitoring and controlling of physical environment from remote location with better accuracy. Sensor nodes are expected to operate autonomously in unattended environments and potentially in large numbers. Wireless sensor networks are prone to network dynamics such as node dying, being disconnected, node power on or off, and new nodes joining the network due to inhospitable environment and unattended deployment. Therefore, sensor networks need to be able to self-reconfigure themselves without knowing anything about network topology in advance. In this paper we propose a cellular self-configurable architecture for wireless sensor networks to energy efficiently re-organize the network topology due to network dynamics. The initial design of the cellular architecture has been described in a previous work and has been used in the context of fault management. The results obtained from simulation have shown that our self-configurable architecture is more energy efficient and achieves better energy consumption distribution.

In traditional wireless sensor networks, the users, the sink nodes and sensor nodes are considered to be static, and networks are organized by the form of single-layer planar, which can not adapt to the application of the sensor nodes with mobility. This article starts from the network architecture, introduces the architecture of traditional wireless sensor network, and takes account of the application scenario of mobile sensor nodes. Then we propose architecture of wireless sensor network with mobile sensor nodes. The architecture is divided into high-end node layer and low-end node layer. The high-end nodes are responsible for the data routing, and the low-end nodes are responsible for sensing and reporting data so that the mobile sensor nodes can be freed from the complicated routing calculation and implementation, and improve the network performance effectively. The simulation results show that the hierarchical mobile wireless sensor network can effectively reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes and data transmission delay.

In the recent years, there is a growing interest in the design and deployment of sensor systems for applications of high-level inference, which leads to an increasing demand on connecting Internet Protocol (IP) network users to wireless sensor networks and accessing the available services and applications. In this paper, To overcome the shortcomings of existing P2P-based integrating architecture for wireless sensor networks, a novel three layers P2P-based integrating architecture for wireless sensor networks is proposed. It builds a bottom-up three layers network model for the sensor network: sensor nodes layer, gateway peers layer and super peers layer. The system's communication model is based on a P2P approach to lower communication complexity. For these reasons, the life cycle of wireless sensor networks is prolonged.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNS) is an important part of the perception layer for the Internet of Things (IoT). It is one of the basic tools of collecting data for the Internet of Things. Trusted architecture is key for trusted transmission in the wireless sensor networks and applying support of the Internet of Things. In the paper, the wireless sensor networks is studied for the Internet of Things in the farmland. Based on wireless sensor network architecture, the trusted architecture for farmland wireless sensor networks is designed. The control flow of trusted architecture is discussed in detail. Additionally the trusted protocol model and the implement frame and phases are presented detailed. And the experimental data records show the trusted architecture for farmland wireless sensor networks can afford trusted and reliable data transmission for wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a newly deployed networking technology consisting of multifunctional sensor nodes that are small in size and communicate over short distances. These sensor nodes are mainly in large numbers and are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. They can be used for various application areas (e.g. health, military, home). WSNs provide several advantages over traditional networks, such as large-scale deployment, highresolution sensed data, and application adaptive mechanisms. However, due to their unique characteristics (having dynamic topology, ad-hoc and unattended deployment, huge amount of data generation and traffic flow, limited bandwidth and energy), WSNs pose considerable challenges for network management and make application development nontrivial. Management of wireless sensor networks is extremely important in order to keep the whole network and application work properly and continuously. Despite the importance of sensor network management, there is no generalize solution available for managing and controlling these resource constrained WSNs. In network management of WSNs, energy-efficient network selforganization is one of the main challenging issues. Self-organization is the property which the sensor nodes must have to organize themselves to form the network. Selforganization of WSNs is challenging because of the tight constraints on the bandwidth and energy resources available in these networks. A self organized sensor network can be clustered or grouped into an easily manageable network. However, existing clustering schemes offer various limitations. For example, existing clustering schemes consume too much energy in cluster formation and re-formation. This thesis presents a novel cellular self-organizing hierarchical architecture for wireless sensor networks. The cellular architecture extends the network life time by efficiently utilizing nodes energy and support the scalability of the system. We have analyzed the performance of the architecture analytically and by simulations. The results obtained from simulation have shown that our cellular architecture is more energy efficient and achieves better energy consumption distribution. The cellular architecture is then mapped into a management framework to support the network management system for resource constraints WSNs. The management framework is self-managing and robust to changes in the network. It is application-co-operative and optimizes itself to support the unique requirements of each application. The management framework consists of three core functional areas i.e., configuration management, fault management, and mobility management. For configuration management, we have developed a re-configuration algorithm to support sensor networks to energy-efficiently re-form the network topology due to network dynamics i.e. node dying, node power on and off, new node joining the network and cells merging. In the area of fault management we have developed a new fault management mechanism to detect failing nodes and recover the connectivity in WSNs. For mobility management, we have developed a two phase sensor relocation solution: redundant mobile sensors are first identified and then relocated to the target location to deal with coverage holes. All the three functional areas have been evaluated and compared against existing solutions. Evaluation results show a significant improvement in terms of re-configuration, failure detection and recovery, and sensors relocation.

In order to optimize the network architecture, addressing mechanism, heterogeneous nodes and other functions of wireless sensor networks, this study begins with the issue of networking of large-scale heterogeneous networks. A layered distributed network architecture is proposed, which provides a powerful reference for the future architecture of wireless sensor networks. Based on this architecture, the resource addressing of the corresponding hierarchical network, and the scale and location deployment of heterogeneous nodes such as sink nodes are discussed separately, and corresponding strategies and algorithms are proposed. The research results show that the core idea of the addressing mechanism is data-centric, address-oriented addressing is transformed into service-oriented addressing. Therefore, the proposed LBA addressing algorithm is suitable for other hierarchically structured networks. In addition, although the sink node is taken as an example for research, it is also suitable for the deployment of other heterogeneous nodes such as sink nodes, relay nodes, and base stations. In summary, regardless of the number of nodes or the location of the deployment, energy-saving factors need to be considered. Energy-saving is also an indispensable technology in wireless sensor network technology.

Wireless sensor networks are expected to be deployed in harsh environments characterized by extremely poor and fluctuating channel conditions. With the generally adopted single-sink architecture, be it static or mobile, such conditions arise due to contention near the sink as a result of multipath data delivery. The compactness of sensors with limited energy resources restricts the use of sophisticated FEC or ARQ mechanisms to improve the reliability of transmissions under such adverse conditions.We propose a novel virtual sink architecture for wireless sensor networks that mitigates the near-sink contention by defining a group of spatially diverse physical sinks. Reliability and energy efficiency is achieved through multipath data delivery to the sinks without the need for sophisticated FEC or ARQ mechanisms. This architecture is especially suitable for indoor environments, where channel conditions are harsh due to severe multipath fading, as well as emerging applications like underwater sensor networks where the predominant physical layer is acoustic communications, which is characterized by long propagation delays and severely fluctuating link conditions. We present our proposed architecture and demonstrate its efficacy using mathematical analysis.

There are various kinds of environmental sensor networks (ESNs) implementations for monitoring environment.These facilitate the study of environment pollution and fundamental processes of meteorology. They have evolved from passive logging systems that require manual downloading, into intelligent sensor networks that comprise a network of automatic sensor nodes and communications systems which actively communicate their data to a Sensor Network Server (SNS) where these data can be integrated with other environmental datasets.In this paper, it introduces the environment sensor networks and architecture of ESNs and then defines the Sensor Network Common Interface between the host and sensor networks as a sensor network abstraction technique and service-oriented architecture of sensor networks. Technological advances have facilitated environmental monitoring changes, it is important that environment scientists utilized ESNs.

Moisture sensor acquires data of moisture content and water height of farmland; the data are transmitted by wireless sensor network and stored in data server to provide data mining and decision support for users, the utilization of wireless moisture sensor network could facilitate the excellent growth of crops and sustainable development of water resources. Based on self-design moisture sensor and actual monitoring needs of farmland moisture, this paper presents the architecture of wireless moisture sensor network and format of moisture data packet, designs the mechanisms of hierarchical storage, hierarchical error control and retransmission. Especially, the paper analyzes and simulates the mechanism of error control from respects of consuming time and correcting error ability, simulation results show that BCH coding is more suitable for wireless moisture sensor network than RS coding.

This paper presents a Low Energy Fuzzy based Unequal Clustering Multihop Architecture (LEFUCMA) for wireless sensor networks consisting of several nodes that send sensed data to a Master Station (MS). LEFUCMA encompasses neighbor finding, cluster head selection, clustering and routing protocols. The neighbor finding protocol organizes the network into a sectored-layers structure. The cluster head selection uses fuzzy logic with residual energy, number of neighboring nodes, packet reception rate and distance of node from MS as fuzzy descriptors for cluster head selection. For even distribution of traffic, LEFUCMA uses fuzzy logic with node density and distance of area from MS as fuzzy descriptors to decide number of cluster heads in a given area. To avoid hot spots problem, LEFUCMA uses an unequal clustering mechanism with clusters closer to MS having smaller sizes than those farther from MS. Finally, inter-cluster routing protocol decides the next hop cluster head considering its residual energy, distance from MS and from current cluster head which represents energy required for communication, number of cluster members which represents intra-cluster traffic and number of descendant nodes which represents inter-cluster traffic. A comparative analysis of LEFUCMA; Unequal Hybrid, Energy Efficient and Distributed Clustering (Ever et al. in Proceedings of international conference on sensor networks, pp 185–193, 2012; Energy Aware Distributed Unequal Clustering (Yu et al. in Hindawi Int J Distrib Sens Netw, Article ID 202145:1–8, 2011); Constructing Optimal Clustering Architecture (Li et al. in J Comput Commun 36(3):256–268, 2013; and Energy Aware Unequal Clustering using Fuzzy logic (EAUCF) (Bagci and Yazici in J Appl Soft Comput 13(4):1741–1749, 2013) shows that LEFUCMA is 32–42% more energy efficient compared to EAUCF. Throughput of LEFUCMA is 46% more and network lifetime is 60–75% more compared to EAUCF.

Smart agriculture is the application of technology to improve efficiency, productivity, and sustainability in agricultural practices. However, smart agriculture systems face major challenges related to connectivity and energy management. To address connectivity issues, the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) architecture is utilized, consisting of sensor nodes to collect and transmit sensor data wirelessly. Despite the implementation of WSN, there are still issues related to high power consumption in smart agriculture systems. This can lead to reduced battery life for each sensor node in the WSN architecture. Therefore, increasing energy efficiency is crucial to optimizing the performance of smart agriculture systems. This study proposes the use of the LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol in smart agriculture to manage clusters within the WSN and reduce energy consumption in each sensor node. Experimental methods were conducted by building the WSN using the nRF24L01 as the sensor data transmitter and Arduino / Node MCU as the microcontroller. The use of the LEACH protocol aims to address energy issues. Additionally, data from each sensor is collected using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol to facilitate monitoring of sensor data transmission and battery power information. Test results show that the integration of the LEACH protocol into the WSN can be carried out at each stage, from Discovery-State to Steady-State, to Setup-State. These steps are aimed at significantly reducing energy consumption in sensor nodes by 13% over a 12-hour testing period. Furthermore, it can extend battery life and improve the overall system efficiency.