An example of outstanding statistical treatment I

Mid-IR and near-IR chemical imaging: Complementary for biological materials

The quantitative application of Fermi-Dirac statistics involves the evaluation of certain integrals which have not previously been tabulated. In this paper, tables are given of the values of the basic integrals most frequently required , with a view to placing Fermi-Dirrac statistics on as firm a numerical basis as is Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. T e expression for the energy distribution of particles subject to Fermi-Dirrac statistics may be written in the form dN He) de e<*+Pe -)-1 ’ wherev(e) is the number of states per unit energy range, and dN is the number of particles in the energy range e to e--de. In the statistical treatment, the parameters ot and fi, which are usually introduced as undetermined multipliers in a variational equation, are to be determined from two equations expressing conditions imposed by the total number of particles, and the total energy of the system. By linking up the statistical and thermodynamical treatments, interpretation can be given to a and b this is expressed by P**:l IkT, a = -C lk T ,

Polymer statistics: I. Phase separation in polymer solutions: A new statistical treatment

- It was known that oil-filled transformer's life depended on insulating paper which was applied to transformers for insulating of transformer. Therefore when paper was aged, its electrical, mechanical and chemical characteristics were changed. Especially if operating temperature was high, paper was quickly damaged. As cellulose paper which was mainly used for solid insulation of transformers was degraded, the cellulose polymer chains broke down into shorter lengths and gases such as CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 4 and so on were produced from paper. Also by-product known as furan compounds were producted from paper and it were dissolved within insulating oil. In this paper accelerating aging cell was aged during 60 hours at 100, 150, 180 and 200℃, respectively, so evaluating the chemical characteristics of cellulose paper by thermal. And it were performed analysis such as tensile strength(TS), dissolved gas analysis(DGA) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Also for analyzing of correlation between insulating degradation characteristics, it was performed linear regression method as statistical treatment. Key Words : Cellulose, Chemical Characteristics, DGA, HPLC, Correlation, Statistical treatment*정 회 원 : 충남대학교 전기공학과 공학박사**정 회 원 : 한국전기공사협회†교신저자, 시니어회원 : 충남대학교 전기공학과 교수․공박E-mail : sohan@cnu.ac.kr접수일자 : 2010년 3월 18일최종완료 : 2010년 3월 27일

Many students experience their first practical application of statistics and error analysis in their introductory physics laboratory courses. The activities they conduct in their lab courses teach definitions, concepts, and skills in statistics and error analysis that they will use for the rest of their academic and postgraduate career. We analyze the use of statistical methods in college-level introductory physics laboratory courses by reviewing a sample of student lab manuals collected from two-year community colleges and four-year universities. Approaches to introducing statistical concepts and procedures are examined for consistency, with particular reference to national and international statistical guidelines such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the International Organization for Standardisation (ISO). Our analysis reveals a severe inconsistency in the treatment of statistics and error among the sampled lab manuals for courses aimed at science and engineering students.

This paper has been influenced by a basic question: assuming a torpedo pile launching in a base case scenario, which parameters, when not well controlled, would affect more the pile final penetration depth? Aiming to provide an answer to this question, the methodology adopted in this study assumes the application of numerical simulations and statistical analyses in order to quantify the influence of the uncertainties of such parameters in the final penetration depth. From the assessment, one may expect responses in terms of which parameters shall be better controlled during a launching procedure in order to reduce the uncertainties associated to the target depth. For the development of the study, a simplified approach for the dynamic numerical analyses has been adopted in order to allow a massive data generation for the statistical treatment. The main parameters associated to the torpedo pile and the launching scenario have been generated taking into account their uncertainties. The Monte Carlo method has been considered and statistical treatment has been applied to quantify the influence of the parameters in the final penetration depth. The results demonstrate that apply the simplified method described in the paper is adequate to simulate both the subsea free fall and the pile driving phases to obtain the final penetration depths. The torpedo mass has been found as the physical parameter which influences more the final penetration depth. However, the study demonstrates that, given a standard launching procedure assessed by numerical simulations, uncertainties on physical parameters are much less significant for the final penetration depth than the uncertainties inherent to the assumptions and data applied to simulate the soil damping.

Background: Nurses may experience stress at work due to reasons like job overload, lack of sleep, a feeling of lack of support, and many more. Therefore, nurses must have coping strategies in place to provide all patients with the best possible care. The aim of this study is to determine the significant relationship between work-related stressors and the coping strategies of the nurses in a selected tertiary hospital in Bulacan by identifying their profile variables, their work-related stressors, and their coping strategies. Methods: Adapted survey questionnaires were answered by 206 nurses working in different areas of the Bulacan Medical Center in a self-administered manner, and 166 data points were suitable for data analysis. Nurses have diverse profiles. The data obtained were analyzed using different statistical treatments – percentage, weighted mean, one-way ANOVA t- test, and Pearson r to yield the needed results for the study. Results: Work-related stressors (F=3.571, p<.001, & η^2=.263) and coping strategies (F=3.938, p<.001, η^2=.283) have significant differences in their area of duty. As for their work-related stressors, it is evident that nurses perceive external stressors to be slightly more significant (M = 2.58) than internal stressors (M = 2.49). For coping, nurses often employ problem-focused strategies (M = 3.04) to deal with stressors in their work environment than emotional coping strategies (M = 2.68). With regards to the correlation between work-related stressors and coping strategies, there is a moderate positive correlation between the two (r=.521, p<.001). Conclusion: The findings of the study confirmed the presence of both external and internal work-related stressors among nurses. External stressors such as workload, conflicts at work, and dealing with difficult patients and their families were identified as significant sources of stress. Internal factors, including high expectations, feelings of inadequacy, and negative emotions during task performance, were also found to contribute to nurses' stress levels. This study confirmed that age, civil status, length of service, sex, and employment status did not significantly influence nurses' experiences of work-related stress or their choice of coping strategies. The result of this study concludes that work-related stressors and coping strategies are impacted by their area of assignment. Nurses working in critical care units, such as emergency rooms and intensive care units, experienced higher levels of stress compared to those in other areas. Nurses who experienced higher levels of work-related stress were more likely to employ coping strategies to manage and regulate stressful events. In light of this, it also concludes that work-related stressors and coping strategies of the nurses in Bulacan Medical Center are correlated with each other. In line with the significant correlation between work-related stressors and the coping strategies of nurses, it can be concluded that in the nursing profession, resiliency is prevalent even in stressful situations. Additionally, in this study, it was also highlighted that nurses employ problem-focused coping more than emotion-focused coping. This also implies how nurses in a clinical setting are more likely to be self-composed for them to formulate an organized and planned action in the presence of conflict.

Mass balance calculations have been performed through a comparison of published graphical and statistical approaches applied to two contrasted geological settings: (i) the development of a greenschist-facies ductile shear-zone that recorded a weak volume change but significant mass transfers, and (ii) the formation of exoskarns in metacarbonate xenoliths that recorded a large volume decrease related to huge mass transfers. The comparison of the four mass-balance approaches shows that, if uncertainties are ignored, (1) they yield similar results concerning the mobile vs immobile behaviour of many components; (2) they yield similar mass-change values on bulk rock and on individual chemical elements (bulk-rock mass-change values differ by a maximum of ca. 15 % between graphical and statistical treatments of the metacarbonate xenolith evolution). The main difference concerns the uncertainties on mass changes (for bulk rocks and individual elements), which are much larger with the graphical than with the statistical approaches when uncertainties on chemical elements are taken into account, as they should be. The main advantage of the graphical methods is their rapid implementation and the clarity of the diagrams. Their main disadvantages are that uncertainties on each chemical element and bulk compositions are not taken into account and the difficulty in choosing an accurate immobility field to precisely define errors. Graphical methods need to be completed by a statistical treatment that gives absolute mass transfer results. The statistical approaches have the advantage of taking into account the chemical heterogeneities of the compared populations, in conjunction to a precise data treatment. The statistical treatment is an important and necessary step to decipher and to be pertinent in interpreting mobility/immobility of chemical elements, and, thus, in the absolute quantification of mass and volume changes.

OPINION article Front. Psychiatry, 24 September 2014Sec. Schizophrenia https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00134

Amperometric and potentiometric determination of iodide using carbon electrodes modified with salophen complex

Audit role in today's society: The Portuguese perspective

PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY

Statistical treatment of the PAR variability and its application to willow coppice

Statistical evaluation of EIS and ENM data collected for monitoring corrosion barrier properties of organic coatings on Al-2024-T3

When a ship is design and developed, its engines are installed accordingly the environment conditions in a designated operation area and the owner requisites. Sometimes they are not design and adapted to sail in all seawaters temperatures. This implies that in some cases the engines power output cannot be the same for the safety of it. If an engine was conceived to operate on 16 ℃ of seawater temperature, when it navigates on a 36 ℃ sea, in some engines the power must be limited to not initiate major damage. Due the fact, in this study a diesel engine will be monitored with online data collection and statistical treatment. The statistic treatment will be done with the modified EWMA control charts. With the engine, operating on a range of seawater temperatures from 16 ℃ to 36 ℃, the auxiliary systems must be flexible due to ship performance with the aim of maintain it.