An Evaluation of the Balance of Nutrients in Milk

Bioactives (BA) can be defined as “Constituents in foods or dietary supplements, other than those needed to meet basic human nutritional needs, which are responsible for changes in health status.” Consumers are seeking out and purchasing food and supplement products containing BA, yet since there is no evaluative process in place, the public is unaware of how strong the science is behind the benefits or the quantative amounts needed to achieve these desired effects. It is important to develop a paradigm suitable for evaluating and designating a DRI‐like standing to these BA. That would elevate their status and make consumption or lack thereof part of nutrition public policy. Although traditional “essential” nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids and protein have substantiated and referenced Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) there is no such evaluative and decision‐making process for BA. A major difference between BA and essential nutrients is that the absence of a BA in the diet does not result in a deficiency disease. Consequently: 1) It is necessary to base a BA DRI value on decreased risk of disease rather than a deficiency endpoint and, 2) When an essential nutrient is absent from the diet there is a 100% chance that the deficiency endpoint will occur contrasted to the absence of a specific BA from the diet may show a decreased (<100%) risk of disease.

Micronutrients in Parenteral Nutrition: Boron, Silicon, and Fluoride

Nutrition in War and Peace

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has conducted the Total Diet Study (TDS) annually since 1961. The TDS is designed to monitor the US food supply for levels of toxic chemical contaminants (pesticide residues, industrial chemicals and toxic elements) and nutritional elements. Foods are generally collected four times a year, once from each of four regions of the country. The foods are prepared table-ready before being analysed. From the results of the TDS, dietary intakes of these analytes are estimated for selected age- sex groups in the US population. This paper reports on the dietary intake of 10 nutritional and four toxic elements based on measurements made in foods collected in the TDS between 1991 and late 1996. Average daily intakes were estimated for 14 age-sex groups in the US population, as well as the contribution of specific food groups to total intakes. For most nutritional elements, teenage boys and adult males had the highest daily intakes. Intakes by infants were below the intake references for seven of 10 nutritional elements, and young girls and women had inadequate intakes of at least half the nutritional elements. Intakes by children between 2 and 10 years of age, teenage boys, and adult males met or exceeded the reference intakes for the majority of nutritional elements. Intakes by all population groups were well below the reference intakes for all toxic elements.

Response

Chapter 1 - Estimates for World Population and Global Food Availability for Global Health

In 1961 the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council and the AMA Council on Foods and Nutrition presented a joint statement of policy entitled "General Policy on Addition of Specific Nutrients to Foods."¹<i>The present statement supercedes that earlier communication</i>. The recommended dietary allowances (RDA),²first developed in 1943 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council, specify levels of nutrient intake designed for the maintenance of good nutrition of practically all healthy people in the United States. The recommendations have been revised as new data on nutritional needs accrued. Ideally, adequate amounts of the nutrients for which RDA are specified and of the other essential nutrients will be provided by the foods commonly available to the general public. The availability and low cost of nutrients produced industrially and the advances in food technology have enhanced the potential for the improvement of

Nutritional Adequacy of Essential Nutrients in Low Protein Animal-Based and Plant-Based Diets in the United States for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

The world has been dealing with an epidemic of undernutrition as a result of population growth, necessitating an increased food supply. The goal of food security is to increase food availability for the population, resulting in a healthier and more favourable imbalance between food demand and supply. Recent advances in food technology, plant breeding, and genetic engineering have enabled places around the world to have enough food, resulting in a reduction in undernutrition and the growth of obesity and non-communicable diseases. Because functional foods can help to alleviate these issues, there is a need to produce more of them in order to ensure that they are used more efficiently and equitably as part of a complex and integrated worldwide plan for global functional food security. Thus all national as well as international agencies should collaborate to educate the global food business and governments about the importance of increasing the production of functional foods. Such attempts to buy or produce have not been made in middle-income countries, resulting in an obesity epidemic, which must be addressed across Africa to prevent obesity. Functional Food Security appears to be sufficient to treat all aspects of global malnutrition, including undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, overweight, obesity, and diet-related National Sustainable Development Strategies (NSDS). This chapter contains a comprehensive view of the kinds of functional foods, their utility as a tool to mitigate nutritional deficiencies and achieve the SDG3 of good health and well-being, their use from a global perspective, and their role in the alleviation of food insecurity.KeywordsNational Sustainable Development StrategiesNon-communicable diseasesFunctional Food Security

Selenium in Intravenous Nutrition

British Food Journal Volume 44 Issue 3 1942

Nutrition is complex—and seemingly getting more complicated. Most consumers are familiar with “essential nutrients,” e.g., vitamins and minerals, and more recently protein and important amino acids. These essential nutrients have nutrient reference values, referred to as dietary reference intakes (DRIs) developed by consensus committees of scientific experts convened by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and carried out by the Food and Nutrition Board. The DRIs comprise a set of four nutrient-based reverence values, the estimated average requirements, the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), the adequate intakes and the tolerable upper intake levels for micronutrient intakes and an acceptable macronutrient distribution range for macronutrient intakes. From the RDA, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) derives a labeling value called the daily value (DV), which appears on the nutrition label of all foods for sale in the US. The DRI reports do not make recommendations about whether the DV labeling values can be set only for what have been defined to date as “essential nutrients.” For example, the FDA set a labeling value for “dietary fiber” without having the DV. Nutrient reference values—requirements are set by Codex Alimentarius for essential nutrients, and regulatory bodies in many countries use these Codex values in setting national policy for recommended dietary intakes. However, the focus of this conference is not on essential nutrients, but on the “nonessential nutrients,” also termed dietary bioactive components. They can be defined as “Constituents in foods or dietary supplements, other than those needed to meet basic human nutritional needs, which are responsible for changes in health status (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Public Health and Science, Department of Health and Human Services in Fed Regist 69:55821–55822, 2004).” Substantial and often persuasive scientific evidence does exist to confirm a relationship between the intake of a specific bioactive constituent and enhanced health conditions or reduced risk of a chronic disease. Further, research on the putative mechanisms of action of various classes of bioactives is supported by national and pan-national government agencies, and academic institutions, as well as functional food and dietary supplement manufacturers. Consumers are becoming educated and are seeking to purchase products containing bioactives, yet there is no evaluative process in place to let the public know how strong the science is behind the benefits or the quantitative amounts needed to achieve these beneficial health effects or to avoid exceeding the upper level (UL). When one lacks an essential nutrient, overt deficiency with concomitant physiological determents and eventually death are expected. The absence of bioactive substances from the diet results in suboptimal health, e.g., poor cellular and/or physiological function, which is relative and not absolute. Regrettably at this time, there is no DRI process to evaluate bioactives, although a recent workshop convened by the National Institutes of Health (Options for Consideration of Chronic Disease Endpoints for Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs); March 10–11, 2015; http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dri/) did explore the process to develop DVs for nutrients, the lack of which result in increased risk of chronic disease (non-communicable disease) endpoints. A final report is expected soon. This conference (CRN-International Scientific Symposium; “Nutrient Reference Value—Non-Communicable Disease (NRV-NCD) Endpoints,” 20 November in Kronberg, Germany; http://www.crn-i.ch/2015symposium/) explores concepts related to the Codex NRV process, the public health opportunities in setting NRVs for bioactive constituents, and further research and details on the specific class of bioactives, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (also termed omega-3 fatty acids) and their constituents, specifically docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.

تغذیه متعادل یکی از عوامل مهم در افزایش عملکرد و بهبود کیفیت در محصولات باغی به ویژه مرکبات است. هدف از این پژوهش، تعیین حد بهینه عناصر غذایی و ارزیابی وضعیت تعادل تغذیه‌ای باغ‌های لیمو لیسبون و نارنگی پرل شهرستان دزفول بود. بدین منظور، به صورت تصادفی 30 باغ لیمو لیسبون و 30 باغ نارنگی پرل انتخاب و نمونه‌های برگ در اواخر شهریور ماه 1394 از برگ‌های غیربارده همان سال به صورت مرکب برداشت شد. باغ‌ها به دو گروه با عملکرد زیاد و کم تقسیم شدند. همه فرم‌های بیان و واریانس آنها در دو گروه و نسبت واریانس گروه عملکرد کم به زیاد در هر دو نوع باغ محاسبه گردید. سپس با استفاده از فرمول‌های کالیبراسیون دریس، شاخص‌های دریس برای عناصر غذایی در باغ‌های با عملکرد کم تعیین و شاخص تعادل غذایی (NBI) نیز محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد که برای باغ‌های لیمو لیسبون مقدار بهینه عناصر غذایی پر مصرف N، P، K، Ca و Mg به ترتیب 97/2، 11/0، 85/1، 88/3 و 17/0 درصد و عناصر کم مصرف Fe، Zn، Mn، Cu و B به ترتیب 5/200، 9/24، 9/23، 8/68 و 9/32 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم و برای نارنگی پرل نیز مقدار بهینه غلظت عناصر غذایی پر مصرف N، P، K، Ca و Mg به ترتیب 97/2، 09/0، 57/1، 44/3 و 34/0 درصد و عناصر کم مصرف Fe، Zn، Mn، Cu و B به به ترتیب 2/167، 7/32، 1/26، 0/28 و 4/48 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم به دست آمد. در مجموع بر اساس شاخص‌های DRIS ترتیب اولویت بندی عناصر غذایی برای باغ‌های لیمو لیسبون به صورت Fe>N>B>K>Mn>Ca>Mg=P>Cu>Zn و برای نارگی پرل به صورت B>Fe>K>Cu>N>Ca>Mg>Mn>Zn>P بود. شاخص تعادل تغذیه‌ای در کلیه باغ‌های با عملکرد پایین بالاتر از صفر بود که بیان‌گر عدم تعادل تغذیه‌ای در این باغ‌ها است.

There are many reports about the characteristics of spatial distribution of chemical elements in different soils and the interactions between macrofaunas and litter or soil,especially,about the horizontal distribution.However,researches on the vertical distribution are limited.And there are few researches into the relationships among forest littermacrofaunas-soil.This paper tends to combine them into the whole and studies the nutritional elements through forest litter,macro faunas and soil.The study area is a shady slope on a low hill located in the Zuojia Natural Reserve(126°～126°2′E,44°03′～44°04′N) in Jilin province.The mean altitude is 300m.The region belongs to the temperate continental monsoon climate.The zonal soil is dark brown soil.The vegetation is mainly secondary mixed deciduous broadleaf forests with Quercus mongolica and Tilia mandshurica as the dominant species.Four sampling sites are located on the same slope surface but different habtats,such as the valley,foot hill,the middle section and the peak.Forests litter,macrofaunas and soil samples were sampled in each habitat,every 20 apart along the slope.The contents of nutritional elements N,P,K,Ca,Mg,and Fe of litter-macrofaunas-soil were measured in laboratory.The relation and difference of nutritional elements in litter-macrofaunas-soil and the vertical difference in nutritional elements of the same slope surface were studied.The result indicated that the vertical difference of six elements was not quite remarkable on the hill slope surface.The contents of N,P and Ca in macrofaunas were higher than those of litter and soil,but the contents of K,Mg and Fe in soil were more than those of macrofaunas and litter.The changes of N in litter,macrofaunas and soil are consentaneous,that is the content of N in the middle position of the slope surface was higher than in the valley and the peak.This is consistent with the surface soil organic matter.On the upper part of the slope,the contents of P and K were the maximum.The vertical variational trend of Mg and P was level,but the content of Ca fluctuated within a great range.The linear relation of the element content in litter-macrofaunas-soil was better.The variations of elements in litter and macrofaunas contributed to the variations of elements in soil to a greater extent.The variations of N,P,K,Ca and Fe in litter influenced more on the soil than on the macrofaunas.

ABSTRACTAnimals carefully regulate the amount of protein that they consume. The quantity of individual essential amino acids (EAAs) obtained from dietary protein depends on the protein source, but how the proportion of EAAs in the diet affects nutrient balancing has rarely been studied. Recent research using the Geometric Framework for Nutrition has revealed that forager honeybees who receive much of their dietary EAAs from floral nectar and not from solid protein have relatively low requirements for dietary EAAs. Here, we examined the nutritional requirements for protein and carbohydrates of foragers of the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris. By using protein (sodium caseinate) or an equimolar mixture of the 10 EAAs, we found that the intake target (nutritional optimum) of adult workers depended on the source and proportion of dietary EAAs. When bees consumed caseinate-containing diets in a range of ratios between 1:250 and 1:25 (protein to carbohydrate), they achieved an intake target (IT) of 1:149 (w/w). In contrast to those fed protein, bees fed the EAA diets had an IT more biased towards carbohydrates (1:560 w/w) but also had a greater risk of death than those fed caseinate. We also tested how the dietary source of EAAs affected free AAs in bee haemolymph. Bees fed diets near their IT had similar haemolymph AA profiles, whereas bees fed diets high in caseinate had elevated levels of leucine, threonine, valine and alanine in the haemolymph. We found that like honeybees, bumblebee workers prioritize carbohydrate intake and have a relatively low requirement for protein. The dietary source of EAAs influenced both the ratio of protein/EAA to carbohydrate and the overall amount of carbohydrate eaten. Our data support the idea that EAAs and carbohydrates in haemolymph are important determinants of nutritional state in insects.