Abstract
There is a growing global concern for the environmental and health hazards posed by heavy metal contaminants, especially lead in the soil and ground water. The potential for plant and animal uptake, metabolism, and propagation into food-chain poses great health risks. World communities face a common need to a cheap, efficient, and effective technology to mitigate the growing problem of heavy metal contaminations. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the potential of using aqueous extracts of edible vegetables and fruits for the in-situ remediation of lead contaminated water (1300 PPM). The plants used in this study include Mustard Green (Brassica juncea), Spinach (Spinacea oleracea), Collard Green (Brassica Oleracea), Bitter leaf (Vernonia Amygdalina), Carrot (Daucus Carota Sativus), Red, Green, and Yellow Bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum ), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), red and white grape (Vitis vinifera), and lime (Citrus aurantifolia). After shaking triplicate reaction mixtures lead contaminated water with each substrate for 22 hours at room temperature, lead removal by the substrates were analyzed by EPA Method 6010, using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Results suggest that the order of lead removal is Collard Green (99.8%) >, Spinach (98.7%) > Mustard Green (98.2%) > Green Bell Pepper (97.8%) > Yellow Bell Pepper (97.75%) > White Grape (96.7%)> Carrot (95.5%) > Red Bell Pepper (94.28%) > Red Grape > 93.5% > Tomatoes (84%) > Bitter Leaf (61%). The study concludes that liquid substrates such as the supernatants from pureed edible tuberous, leafy, and fruity vegetables can effectively remove lead from contaminated water.
Highlights
Many sites around the globe have been heavily polluted by heavy metals
Results suggest that the order of lead removal is Collard Green (99.8%) > Spinach (98.7%) > Mustard Green (98.2%) > Green Bell Pepper (97.8%) > Yellow Bell Pepper (97.75%) > White Grape (96.7%) > Carrot (95.5%) > Red Bell Pepper (94.28%) > Red Grape > 93.5% > Tomatoes (84%) > Bitter Leaf (61%)
On Leafy Vegetable Supernatants: The results on Table 1 and Figures 1(a) and 1(b) showed that the supernatants from all leafy vegetables (Collard Green, Spinach and Mustard Green) removed over 95% of the lead from contaminated water except bitter leaf
Summary
Lead contamination is one of the most wide-spread group of heavy metal pollutants that contaminate the air, water, and land constituting a major global problem [1,2,3,4,5]. Degradation of old lead based paint in older homes and unsafe remodeling, sanding, or blasting of these homes can result in the accumulation of lead in the soil [6,7]. High lead levels in the soil and its associated risks in urban areas can be attributed to high densities of traffic that emit leaded gasoline additives and combustion of coal [8], mining activities, wastes and discharges [9,10], automotive exhaust fumes, application of mu-
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