Abstract
An Eulerian thermomechanical elastic–viscoplastic model with isotropic and directional hardening is used to analyse the residual mechanical state resulting from the arc welding of a multi-pass weld. Details of the weld test plate, weld filler material, and numerical implementation of the model are provided, including integration algorithms and consistent tangent modulus. For the computational welding mechanics analyses, the austenitic ASME stainless steel grade 316L was considered so that no phase transformations of solid states needed to be considered. The maximum residual stresses were found to be about 500–600 MPa, which is of the order of the yield stress of the base material. Variations in the heat input and the resulting weld cooling time had a significant influence both on the residual stress state and on the resulting geometry of the weld. The predicted stress levels were compared to the experimental results. Overall, the proposed Eulerian framework seems to be a promising tool for analysing melting/solidification processes and residual mechanical states.
Highlights
Within the context of an Eulerian formulation of constitutive equations, consistent thermomechanical equations are proposed for modelling an elastic–viscoplastic material including isotropic and directional hardening
That framework introduces an arbitrariness of reference and intermediate configurations as well as of total and inelastic deformation measures which does not exist in the Eulerian formulation of the problem
The present work uses an Eulerian formulation of elastic–viscoplastic response which is thermomechanically consistent
Summary
Within the context of an Eulerian formulation of constitutive equations, consistent thermomechanical equations are proposed for modelling an elastic–viscoplastic material including isotropic and directional hardening. In addition to rate dependency, the Eulerian model proposed here includes isotropic and directional hardening as well as the effect of thermal recovery. Arc welding and additive manufacturing constitute complex, transient, and thermomechanically coupled processes, which involve such phenomena as melting, solidification, and phase transformations between different solid states. During these processes, the temperature can change by thousands of degrees during a few seconds, causing dramatic changes in both thermal and mechanical properties of the materials involved. The austenitic steel is considered to avoid the need for modelling phase transformations between solid states This is a material for which the experimental results are available for calibration
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