Abstract
Cooperative routing is one of the most widely used technologies for improving the energy efficiency and energy balance of wireless multi-hop networks. However, the end-to-end energy cost and network lifetime are greatly restricted if the cooperative transmission model is not designed properly. The main aim of this paper is to explore a two-stage cooperative routing scheme to further improve the energy efficiency and prolong the network lifetime. A two-stage cooperative (TSC) transmission model is firstly designed in which the core helper is introduced to determine the helper set for cooperation. Then, the two-stage link cost is formulated where x, the weight of residual energy, is introduced to be adjusted for different design goals. By selecting the optimal helper set, the two-stage link cost of each link can be optimized. Finally, based on the designed TSC transmission model and the optimized two-stage link cost, a distributed two-stage cooperative routing (TSCR) scheme is further proposed to minimize the end-to-end cooperative routing cost. Simulation results evaluate the effect of x on the different performance metrics. When x equals 0, TSCR can achieve the shortest end-to-end transmission delay and highest energy efficiency, while a larger x can achieve a longer network lifetime. Furthermore, simulation results also show that the proposed TSCR scheme can effectively improve both the energy efficiency and network lifetime compared with the existing schemes.
Highlights
In recent years, the development of wireless multiple-hop technology provides a promising direction for the wireless sensor network or ad hoc network [1] where each node is equipped with a wireless transceiver to exchange data with other neighboring nodes and route packets via neighboring nodes to destinations that are not within direct communications if necessary [2,3].the majority of nodes in the wireless sensor network or ad hoc network are usually power-constraint and deployed in unattended environment where people have difficulty in replacing or recharging the depleted devices
Scheme can effectively improve both the energy efficiency and network lifetime compared with the existing schemes
This paper proposes an energy-efficient two-stage cooperative routing (TSCR)
Summary
The majority of nodes in the wireless sensor network or ad hoc network are usually power-constraint and deployed in unattended environment where people have difficulty in replacing or recharging the depleted devices. For this reason, it is especially important to save the energy cost and keep the network energy-balanced [4] for the end-to-end packet transmission schemes. It is especially important to save the energy cost and keep the network energy-balanced [4] for the end-to-end packet transmission schemes To address these problems, the cooperative communication [5,6,7] was introduced to increase the energy efficiency of end-to-end transmission by allowing several single-antenna nodes to collaborate with each other and forward the packet to the destination. According to the different design goals, the previous works can be mainly classified into two categories: the first one Sensors 2019, 19, 1002; doi:10.3390/s19051002 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
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