Abstract
In energy harvesting wireless sensor networks (EHWSNs), the energy tension of the network can be relieved by obtaining the energy from the surrounding environment, but the cost on hardware cannot be ignored. Therefore, how to minimize the cost of energy harvesting hardware to reduce the network deployment cost, and further optimize the network performance, is still a challenging issue in EHWSNs. In this paper, an energy conserving and transmission radius adaptive (ECTRA) scheme is proposed to reduce the cost and optimize the performance of solar-based EHWSNs. There are two main innovations of the ECTRA scheme. Firstly, an energy conserving approach is proposed to conserve energy and avoid outage for the nodes in hotspots, which are the bottleneck of the whole network. The novelty of this scheme is adaptively rotating the transmission radius. In this way, the nodes with maximum energy consumption are rotated, balancing energy consumption between nodes and reducing the maximum energy consumption in the network. Therefore, the battery storage capacity of nodes and the cost on hardware. Secondly, the ECTRA scheme selects a larger transmission radius for rotation when the node can absorb enough energy from the surroundings. The advantages of using this method are: (a) reducing the energy consumption of nodes in near-sink areas, thereby reducing the maximum energy consumption and allowing the node of the hotspot area to conserve energy, in order to prevent the node from outage. Hence, the network deployment costs can be further reduced; (b) reducing the network delay. When a larger transmission radius is used to transmit data in the network, fewer hops are needed by data packet to the sink. After the theoretical analyses, the results show the following advantages compared with traditional method. Firstly, the ECTRA scheme can effectively reduce deployment costs by 29.58% without effecting the network performance as shown in experiment analysis; Secondly, the ECTRA scheme can effectively reduce network data transmission delay by 44–71%; Thirdly, the ECTRA scheme shows a better balance in energy consumption and the maximum energy consumption is reduced by 27.89%; And lastly, the energy utilization rate is effectively improved by 30.09–55.48%.
Highlights
The energy conserving and transmission radius adaptive (ECTRA) scheme is proposed in this paper, which can effectively reduce the network energy requirements, effectively utilize the energy absorbed from the surrounding environment, and reduce the deployment costs by adjusting the transmission radii of nodes
The theoretical analysis confirmed the validity of the ECTRA scheme
Innovation of the ECTRA scheme lies in two points
Summary
The internet of things (IoT) [1,2,3] is becoming a pervasive paradigm and will have a significant impact on future applications in many fields, including environmental monitoring [4,5,6], industrial manufacture [7,8,9], telecommunications [10,11,12], intelligent transportation [13,14,15], e-health [15,16,17], and social networks [17,18,19]. In EHWSNs, sensor nodes equipped with equipment that absorbs energy from the surrounding environment can replenish energy from the surrounding environment, so that they can support long-term work in an unmanned environment that does not require an energy supply, making EHWSNs more widely applicable than the usual wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [40,41]. Some sensor devices with a wind wheel can replenish energy through wind energy, while other sensor devices can replenish electric energy by heat energy and vibrational energy [44] Since these sensor nodes can replenish electric energy from the surrounding environment and achieve long-term monitoring of areas requiring inspection, theoretically, after deployment, it can be called a green network, green computing, or green IoT [45,46,47,48]. Compared with WSNs, EHWSNs have a significant advantage in application scenarios, performance properties, and development prospects, they are getting focused attention from researchers [49,50]
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