Abstract
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) face numerous challenges due to small bandwidth, long propagation delay, limited energy resources and high deployment cost. Development of efficient routing strategies is, therefore, mandatory and has remained the focus of researchers over the past few years. To address these challenges and to further improve the performance of the existing protocols, many routing protocols have been designed. In Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division-Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR), the forwarding decision is based on the weighting depth difference, which is not an efficient way for void hole avoidance. In this paper, we propose a depth-based routing mechanism called Energy Balanced Efficient and Reliable Routing (EBER 2 ) protocol for UWSNs. First, energy balancing among neighbors and reliability are achieved by considering residual energy and the number of Potential Forwarding Nodes (PFNs) of the forwarder node, respectively. Secondly, energy efficiency is enhanced by dividing the transmission range into power levels, and the forwarders are allowed to adaptively adjust their transmission power according to the farthest node in their neighbor list. Thirdly, duplicate packets are reduced by comparing depths, residual energy and PFNs among the neighbors. Moreover, network latency is decreased by deploying two sinks at those areas of the network that have high traffic density. The results of our simulations show that EBER 2 has higher Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), lower energy tax, and lesser duplicate packets than the WDFAD-DBR routing protocol.
Highlights
Exploration of underwater environment cannot be ignored, because a major part of our planet Earth is covered by water
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: In section II, we present the related work on routing protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)
The tasks achieved in this protocol are reduced energy tax, improved Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and decreased packet drop at the cost of E2ED
Summary
Exploration of underwater environment cannot be ignored, because a major part of our planet Earth is covered by water. UWSN is composed of sensor nodes, interconnected through acoustic links that communicate through a set of rules called protocols. These nodes gather data from the harsh aquatic environment and relay it towards the offshore stations deployed at the water surface, known as sinks. Many routing mechanisms have been proposed for UWSNs. Geographic routing protocols consider the complete location information of the sensor nodes, e.g., Vector Based Forwarding (VBF) [3]. DBR uses depth information of the sensor nodes for calculating holding time of a packet. Similar to WDFAD-DBR, a two-hop depth based routing mechanism is proposed for UWSNs. In addition to using weighting depth difference of two hops, the proposed scheme takes PFNs and residual energy of the forwarder into account to improve the performance of WDFADDBR.
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