Abstract
BackgroundPlant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have great potential for clinical applications. Ultracentrifugation, considered the gold standard method for the preparation of PDEVs, is efficacious but time-consuming and highly instrument-dependent. Thus, a rapid and handy method is needed to facilitate the basic researches and clinical applications of PDEVs.ResultsIn this study, we combined electrophoretic technique with 300 kDa cut-off dialysis bag (named ELD) for the isolation of PDEVs, which was time-saving and needed no special equipment. Using ELD, lemon derived extracellular vesicles (LDEVs) could be isolated from lemon juice. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the method separated intact vesicles with a similar size and number to the standard method-ultracentrifugation. LDEVs caused the gastric cancer cell cycle S-phase arrest and induced cell apoptosis. The anticancer activities of LDEVs on gastric cancer cells were mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen species. In addition, LDEVs were safe and could be remained in gastrointestinal organs.ConclusionsELD was an efficient method for the isolation of LDEVs, and could be carried out in any routine biological laboratory as no special equipment needed. LDEVs exerted anticancer activities on gastric cancer, indicating the great potentials for clinical application as edible chemotherapeutics delivery vehicle.
Highlights
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have great potential for clinical applications
The results demonstrated that electrophoresis could largely remove the proteins and RNA outside lemon derived extracellular vesicles (LDEVs)
We offer an efficient method for the isolation of PDEVs, some problems related to the technique should be improved
Summary
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have great potential for clinical applications. A rapid and handy method is needed to facilitate the basic researches and clinical applications of PDEVs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid-based membrane-bound entities and released by almost all cell types under both physiological and pathological conditions. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are emerging frontier for therapeutics and targeted drug delivery [5, 6]. Various methods have been utilized to isolate mammalian cells derived EVs based on one or more characteristics of EVs, such as size, density, and surface specific proteins. Ultracentrifugation based method is almost the only way for the preparation of PDEVs [5, 6, 8, 15,16,17,18]. To facilitate the researches and applications of PDEVs, it is necessary to establish a rapid and handy method for the preparation of PDEVs
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