Abstract
The competition between infrared down-conversion (DC) and visible up-conversion (UC) is systemically studied in Tm3+ and/or Yb3+/Tm3+ co-doped fluoride modified germanate glasses. Based on the absorption spectra, the Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters, absorption and emission cross-sections, figure of merit (FOM), and saturated gain coefficient are calculated and analyzed. An intense 1.8μm emission is obtained upon 808nm laser diode (LD) excitation in Tm3+ doped samples, while an efficient 1.8μm emission is observed by 980nm LD in Yb3+/Tm3+ co-doped samples, along with visible UC emissions. It is found that 3F4 state of Tm3+ can be easily populated and then further excited to higher excited states through Yb3+ upon 980nm LD. Our results suggest that these Tm3+ doped fluoride modified germanate glasses are of great significance for searching efficient mid-infrared laser materials.
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