Abstract
The glueballs lead to gluon and QCD monopole condensations as by-products of color confinement. A color dielectric function G ∣ ϕ ∣ coupled with a Abelian gauge field is properly defined to mediate the glueball interactions at confining regime after spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) of the gauge symmetry. The particles are expected to form through the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) hadronization phase where the free quarks and gluons start clamping together to form hadrons. The QCD-like vacuum η 2 m η 2 F μ ν F μ ν , confining potential V c r , string tension σ , penetration depth λ , superconducting and normal monopole densities ( n s n n ), and the effective masses ( m η 2 and m A 2 ) will be investigated at finite temperature T . We also calculate the strong “running” coupling α s and subsequently the QCD β -function. The dual superconducting nature of the QCD vacuum will be investigated based on monopole condensation.
Highlights
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is currently attracting the attention of particle physicists to investigate the dynamics of the standard model (SM) at the TeV scale and to probe for a possible new physics
At a high energy regime, there is high particle density which forms deconfined matter leading to hadronization [120, 121], φ∗ðp1Þφðp2Þ ⟶ γ ⟶ φ∗ðp1′Þφðp2′Þ [68, 122,123,124,125]
Hadronization [126] comes into play in this regime when the momenta of the particles are reduced below a particular threshold set by the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) scale, ΛQCD ~ 250 MeV, or the separation distance between particle and antiparticle pairs is greater than ~ 1 fm
Summary
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is currently attracting the attention of particle physicists to investigate the dynamics of the standard model (SM) at the TeV scale and to probe for a possible new physics. Jets played a significant role in the discovery of gluons (g) [4,5,6,7] and top quark (t) [8, 9] These observations are featured prominently in classifying Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) as a theory for strong interaction within the standard model. A low energy analyses of φ∗ φ annihilation will be made to show color confinement, bound states of the gluons (glueball masses) [43,44,45], and the QCD vacuum [46, 47] responsible for the gluon condensate.
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