An Educational War on Poverty

Coalitions that Clash: California's Climate Leadership and the Perpetuation of Environmental Inequality

Teaching and Learning Guide for: ‘Securitizing America: Strategic Incapacitation and the Policing of Protest Since the 11 September 2011 Terrorist attacks’

This study seeks to explore how the French and Italian communist parties responded to the role of the United States in (West) European reconstruction in the wake of the Second World War and during the Cold War, from the mid-1940s to the rise of Eurocommunism in the 1970s. Alessandro Brogi’s study is not, however, a history of French and Italian communism from the perspective of political and social history. Instead, Brogi is interested in delineating intellectual responses in the context of international history. It is an extremely rich and learned survey of forty years of transatlantic relations. It is therefore an important contribution to post-1945 French history and one of the few studies that seek explicitly to explore France’s position in the comparative and transnational context of Cold War politics. This important book, therefore, adds to the studies on attitudes towards the United States in France and other West European countries during the Cold War, such as Rob Kroes’s and Philippe Roger’s work. But it does so on a more pronouncedly diplomatic and intellectual history (as opposed to social and cultural history) footing. Moreover, the comparative perspective helps us understand French developments in the context of broader West European patterns. Brogi argues that, after a more aggressive posture in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the United States followed a more liberal and tolerant path towards dealing with what it regarded as a key threat to the stability of Western Europe: its strategy became one of undermining the appeal of communism by highlighting the soft power of capitalism and modernity. Brogi’s argument is therefore a more positive and affirmative take on what Victoria de Grazia, arguing from the perspective of a socio-cultural historian, has called the United States’s ‘irresistible empire’. Rather problematically, however, this means that the book’s key argument essentially rehashes those of the New Deal liberals on both sides of the Atlantic: namely that the models of society and culture promoted by the United States were, because of their flexibility and tolerance for difference, infinitely better equipped to deal with the problems of modernity – consumer culture, the politics of identity, political representation beyond party political organisation – than the equivalent communist model. We also learn unfortunately little on the processes of policy making within the parties and within the United States, especially about the parties’ relationships to the Soviet Union. Nonetheless, this important and comprehensive study will serve as a standard work not only for those interested in the impact of the Cold War on French politics in a West European and transatlantic context as well as for those keen to learn more about the role of ‘soft power’ during the Cold War.

“There Is No<i>New</i>Black Panther Party”: The Panther-Like Formations and the Black Power Resurgence of the 1990s

Legalized racial discrimination, in the form of segregation, is a part of the United States’ recent history. It ended with the Civil Rights Act, which passed in 1964. It is part of South Africa’s even more recent history, in the form of apartheid. The apartheid system was dismantled in the early 1990s. Legal discrimination ended in both countries in large part due to massive social movements, the civil rights movement in the United States and the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Human rights education played an essential role in these social movements. Now a movement of its own, the human rights education movement, at present, is growing in South Africa and the United States. This paper will examine the role of human rights education in the anti-apartheid movement and the civil rights movement, and review a few specific cases of organizations and networks that are contributing to the growth of the human rights education movement in each country today.

Milton Friedman and the Road to Monetarism: A Review Essay

Why teach Pennsylvania environmental history? How can teachers use it to improve students' understanding of the history of the state, the region, and the nation? I have found through my teaching at West Chester University that environmental history grounds American history in the physical realities upon which human history unfolds: the natural resource bases, both renewable and nonrenewable, that all societies use to construct their economies, cultures, and political systems. Recognizing this grounding, students can better understand the complex world in which they live, and thus better respond to the challenges they will face as citizens and consumers.

<i>Immigrants against the State: Yiddish and Italian Anarchism in America</i> by Kenyon Zimmer

Reviewed by: Imperial Technoscience: Transnational Histories of MRI in the United States, Britain, and India by Amit Prasad John P. DiMoia (bio) Imperial Technoscience: Transnational Histories of MRI in the United States, Britain, and India. By Amit Prasad. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014. Pp. xi+ 232. $37. The trope of the West, in this case the United States and Britain, as representing the “center” of scientific knowledge production has been critiqued often in recent work in the history of science and technology. In contrast to approaches that favor fields such as either natural history or agriculture as the basis for such a critique, Amit Prasad’s Imperial Technoscience takes up the seemingly unpromising prospect of the MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), a sophisticated form of visualization technology generally believed to have been developed at several metropolitan sites. Setting this challenge for himself, Prasad proceeds to consider “three cultures of MRI” (p. 99) through a comparative series of distinct national contexts, with the individual case studies following an opening frame in which he problematizes the existing understanding of MRI’s origins. The result, culminating in the two richest chapters, 4 and 5, is an enticing mini-study in the manner of Andrew Pickering, one in which the metropole’s assumed position as the “center” is portrayed as deeply entangled within problematic narratives of big science and technology. Prasad begins by describing his choice of subject matter, knowing that it will appear unproblematic to many, and then justifies his choice of “transnational technoscience” (p. 4) as a vehicle through which to probe and ultimately contest stories of origins. In chapters 1 and 2, he lays out his frame, even invoking Thomas Friedman’s “the world is flat” (p. 1) in his introduction as part of a playful take on the narratives used to tell stories about science and technology and their respective roles in shaping our world. From there, chapter 1 offers a retelling of the story of the origins of MRI, while chapter 2 continues with the growth of the field into an emergent form of big science. In both cases, Prasad’s take is consciously set against a linear account of technological development, as he seeks to introduce complexity and contingency to augment the existing story. Where the text gains its real momentum is in chapters 3 and 4, with the [End Page 562] former covering the rapid growth of the MRI market in the American context, despite an initial lack of enthusiasm in the 1970s. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, the use of MRI in clinical settings had increased dramatically, with a significant number of these devices now in the United States. The historical legacy of embracing high-tech means of visualization within biomedicine, coupled with the opportunities MRI offered for diagnosis and research, make the American adoption of MRI not very surprising. During this discussion, Prasad makes pointed references to “outsourcing,” allowing for the incorporation of India into the story, although only peripherally at first. This dualistic framing, Prasad suggests, will begin to come undone in chapter 4. Chapter 4 then looks at the early context for NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) research in India, dating this development to the second half of the 1940s. The interest in doing so is not to envision a radical retelling of the story whereby India represents an unseen or “lost” point of origin. Rather, Prasad seeks to emphasize how in a world increasingly dominated by the forces of big science, researchers typically have a limited range of choices. Those who pursue radical alternatives know “there is a good chance they will not be successful” (p. 97) and so the pragmatic strategy generally consists of following another’s research agenda, in effect placing the researcher with fewer resources—whether material resources or human networks—in a perpetual bind where they are always seen as “catching up.” With a simple point that effectively sums up his narrative, Prasad argues that this constellation of forces explains the tropes of “lag” and “lack,” labels frequently applied to India, and to non-Western science in general. He concludes in the following two chapters. John P. DiMoia John P. DiMoia is with the Department of History, National...

A content analysis of 490 Father's Day and Mother's Day comic strips published from 1940 to 1999 indicates that the culture of fatherhood has fluctuated since World War II. “Incompetent” fathers appeared frequently in the late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1960s but were rarer in the late 1950s, early and late 1970s, early 1980s, and early 1990s. Fathers who were mocked were especially common in the early and late 1960s and early 1980s but were less common in the late 1940s, early and late 1950s, and early and late 1970s. Fathers who were nurturant and supportive toward children were most evident in the late 1940s, early 1950s, and early and late 1990s, with the longitudinal pattern resembling a U‐shaped curve. Differences between fathers and mothers also oscillated from one decade to the next.

Treatment Seeking for Depression in Canada and the United States

This paper explores ways in which Chinese healing practices have undergone acculturation in the United States since the early 1970s. Reacting to what is perceived as biomedicine's focus on the physiological, those who describe themselves as favoring a holistic orientation often use the language of "energy blockage" to explain illness, whether thought of as "physical," "emotional," or "spiritual." Acupuncture in particular has been appropriated as one modality with which to "unblock" such conditions, leading to its being used by some practitioners in conjunction with more psychotherapeutic approaches which include valuing the verbalizing of feelings. Some non-Chinese practitioners in the United States, returning to older Chinese texts to develop "an American acupuncture," are reinserting diagnoses eliminated from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) by the People's Republic of China as "superstition." The assumption has been that many such diagnostic categories refer to psychological or spiritual conditions, and therefore may be useful in those American contexts which favor this orientation. Among these categories are those drawn from traditions of demonology in Chinese medicine. What was once a religious category in China turns psychological in the American setting. At the same time, many who use these terms have, since the late 1960s, increasingly conflated the psychological and the religious, the latter being reframed as "spiritual." Thus, this indigenization of Chinese practices is a complex synthesis which can be described as simultaneously medical, psychotherapeutic, and religious.

The first issue of IJURR was published more than 30 years ago, in 1977. It opened with a brief editorial statement in which the journal’s founders defined their project. IJURR would be interdisciplinary. It would be open to diverse theoretical approaches and methodologies, whilst seeking to understand urban and regional development in terms of the ‘fundamental economic, social and political processes which operate at local, national and international levels’. Such an understanding should inform ‘social action’ and not be confined to intellectual debate. The tone for the new journal was set by the inaugural issue, which opened with four articles (by Ray Pahl, Jean Lojkine, Enzo Mingione and Richard Child Hill) on ‘urbanism and the state’. Other contributors to the first volume of IJURR included Manuel Castells, Edmond Preteceille, Chris Pickvance, Patrick Dunleavy, Doreen Massey, Martin Ravallion, Roger Friedland, Frances Fox Piven, Robert Alford, Josef Gugler and William Flanagan. Pahl, Mingione, Preteceille, Pickvance, Piven and Castells were all founding members of IJURR’s editorial board, together with Michael Harloe (the editor) and S.M. Miller. The founders of and initial contributors to IJURR comprised a remarkable generation of scholars concerned with the development of a radical or critical approach to urban and regional issues that would be relevant to political and social change. Indeed, IJURR included a section on ‘Praxis’. In the first issue, this section comprised articles on social or popular movements in the USA, Mexico and Spain, and on the civil war in Beirut. The impetus behind IJURR came mostly from sociologists, and there was a considerable overlap between IJURR and Research Committee 21 of the International Sociological Association, but IJURR also drew on the efforts of political scientists, planners and geographers. Change was central to IJURR’s identity. Drawing on egalitarian conceptions of social justice, IJURR’s founders sought to show that cities and regions could change in a variety of directions. Marxist theory was especially appealing to scholars who combined activist and scholarly missions, although Marxist theory certainly did not go unchallenged (not least by Ray Pahl and Patrick Dunleavy) and was never a precondition for publication. The scholarly practice of the journal was unambiguously embedded in an overall surge of radical and even revolutionary politics across the world. The 1970s were the morning after the 1960s explosion of critical theory and revolutionary practice. Student rebellion and scholarly debate fed and radicalized each other. IJURR was both a product of and protagonist in this important shift, and was seen by its editors, authors, reviewers and readers as such.

The Power of the Wave: Activism Rainbow Region-Style

Brief Observation: A National Study of Burnout Among Internal Medicine Clerkship Directors