An educational psychology perspective on exploring the impact of the flipped classroom model in hybrid environments on violin music learning motivation

The flipped classroom model has gained significant attention as an innovative pedagogical approach, particularly in enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes. This study investigates the effectiveness of a video-based flipped classroom in improving students' academic performance and active participation during in-person classes. The research employed a quasi-experimental design, with two groups: one experiencing the flipped classroom approach, and the other following traditional lecture-based instruction. Data were collected through pre- and post-tests to assess learning outcomes, as well as an observation rubric to measure student participation. Results indicated that the flipped classroom group showed a 17% improvement in learning outcomes compared to the traditional group. Furthermore, the flipped classroom group exhibited twice the level of active participation, as measured by the rubric. These findings suggest that the flipped classroom model is effective in fostering a more interactive and participatory learning environment, where students engage with content before class and apply their knowledge through discussions and problem-solving activities during in-class sessions. The study also highlights the importance of video-based learning in preparing students for active participation and the role of the teacher as a facilitator in flipped classrooms. Despite the promising results, the study acknowledges several limitations, including reliance on technology and students' readiness for independent learning. The study concludes with recommendations for teacher training and future research to further explore the effectiveness of flipped classrooms across diverse educational contexts.

Motivation in general is one of the most important components of the process of learning and teaching in any educational environment, and it can explain the success or failure of student. In online learning, learners tend to study on their own and intrinsic motivation is particularly the main source that triggers and sustains learning process (Hartnett, 2016; Johnson et al., 2015; Shroff et al., 2007). Therefore, learners need high levels of intrinsic motivation to ensure success in their studies. Despite the emerging research regarding online learning, little attention has been given to graduate students’ intrinsic motivation in online courses. Therefore, using a mixed methodology approach, this study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of intrinsic motivation in fully online courses environment. A sample of 127 graduate students first responded to Intrinsic Motivation in e-Learning IMeL questionnaire in order to answer the first two research questions which are (1) What is the level of graduate students’ intrinsic motivation in fully online courses? (2) Is there a significant difference in the level of graduate students’ intrinsic motivation in fully online courses in terms of: (gender, registration status, employment status, and experience with fully online courses)? Afterwards, 10 participants who completed the questionnaire participated in follow-up interviews about their intrinsic motivation in in fully online courses. Findings revealed that graduate students had high level of intrinsic of motivation in online courses environment. In addition, the study found that there is a statistically significant difference in the level of graduate students’ intrinsic motivation in fully online courses in terms of gender. It was also found that there are no statistically significant differences in the level of graduate students’ intrinsic motivation in fully online courses in terms of registration status, employment status, and experience with fully online courses). Furthermore, in-depth interviews uncovered a number of factors that are highly related to graduate students’ intrinsic motivation in fully online courses. Findings, implications, limitations and future directions are discussed.

The teaching and learning activities of any undergraduate curriculum will have a specific set of learning outcomes that should be successfully achieved by the students. The balance between the workload of a student and the available time to achieve the learning outcomes plays a major role in achieving these learning outcomes, as well as a good student satisfaction score and excellent final grades for that particular module (Whillier & Lystad, 2013). In a traditional educational experience, a teacher stands in front of the classroom, delivers a lecture to a group of students, who sit in rows, quietly listening to the lecture and taking notes. At the end of the lecture, students are given homework or an assignment to be completed outside of the classroom environment. This characterises the principle of “sage-on-the stage”, and is synonymous with the present day term of teacher-centered learning. This is also referred to as the transmittal model (King, 1993), which assumes that the students are passive note-takers, receivers of the content or accumulators of factoids (Morrison, 2014). Usually, the teacher does not have time to interact with the students individually during the class (Hamdan, McKnight, McKnight & Arfstorm, 2013), thus neglecting those students who do not understand the lecture. The traditional didactic way of teaching is primarily unidirectional and consists of limited interactions between the source of knowledge (teacher) and the passive recipients (students). One of the main challenges faced by lecturers is the overload of academic content that needs to be taught in a relatively short period of time. Equally, the main challenge faced by the students is loss of interest or motivation to learn within the stipulated period of time (Prober & Khan, 2013). The traditional way of teaching, therefore, discourages the students from active learning and critical thinking. There is also increasing pressure from accreditation institutions, which demand “an ability to communicate effectively”, “an ability to identify, formulate and solve problems”, and “an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams” (Bishop & Verleger, 2013). As such, there is a need to transform the current pedagogical strategies, in order to enhance active learning in a more effective way (Al Faris et al., 2013). Synthesis of research on the effectiveness of lectures shows that lectures are not very effective for teaching and developing values or personal development, and may only be effective for the sole goal of transmitting information (Bligh, 2000). Taking these points together, it is important to explore methods that have the potential to maximise the use of classroom time and transform the classroom into a platform for teacher-student interactions and critical thinking (Rui et al., 2017). Numerous factors have cumulatively led to several challenges for traditional teaching in health professional education (HPE), including the availability of digital technologies, digitally-empowered learners, the prolific expansion of courses, the amount of factual knowledge that has accumulated in the courses, prolific growth of health knowledge, advancement in healthcare disciplines, and investment into the scholarship of teaching and learning. To this end, newer delivery systems encompassing active learning in HPE have been developed. Studies have reported that active participation is an effective method to improve learning and understanding (Freeman et al., 2014; McCoy et al., 2015). Thus, to enhance interaction during their learning, there are educational strategies, which promote active learning in traditional lectures by engaging students in doing things and encouraging them to think about what they are doing. A classic example of active learning is a think–pair–share discussion, in which a student thinks individually for a moment about a question posed on the lecture, then pairs up with a classmate to discuss their ideas, and subsequently shares their answer with the entire class (King, 1993). There are various modifications which can be incorporated into traditional lectures that enable active learning in the classroom, for instance; (a) the feedback lecture, which consists of two mini lectures separated by a small-group study session built around a study guide, and (b) the guided lecture, in which students listen to a 20- to 30-min presentation without taking notes, followed by their writing for 5 min on what they remember, and spending the remainder of the class duration in small groups for clarification and elaboration on the study material (Ellis, 2010; Johnson, 2013). Moreover, there are other active learning pedagogies, which include visual-based instruction (Johnson et al., 2016), small group problem based learning, cooperative learning, debates, drama, role playing and simulation and peer teaching. One innovative approach in education delivery system is the “flipped classroom,” an educational technique that consists of two parts, interactive group learning activities inside the classroom and direct personal computer-based individual instruction outside the classroom (Bishop & Verleger, 2013). As such, work typically done as homework in the didactic model (e.g., problem solving, essay writing) is better undertaken in class with the guidance of the teacher. Listening to a lecture or watching videos is undertaken at home. Hence, the term flipped or inverted classroom is used (Herreid & Schiller, 2013). The essence of a flipped classroom is that the activities carried out during traditional class time and self-study time are reversed or “flipped” (Veeramani, Madhugiri & Chand, 2015). Approaches to undergraduate teaching have improved over the years as the scholarship of learning and teaching has provided evidence of what works to improve the outcomes. However, educational delivery approaches have shown little change in many disciplines and have remained the same for the majority of the sectors (Van Vliet, Winnips & Brouwer, 2015). The flipped class is flexible itself and can be tailored (Tetreault, 2013). Historically, the concept of flipped classroom started in early 1990s. General Sylvanus Thayer created a system at West Point in USA, where a set of learning materials was given to engineering students so that they obtained core content prior to attending class. The classroom space was then used for critical thinking and group problem solving (Musallam, 2011). Many credited the rejuvenation of this idea with the development of, and increased access to, educational technologies (Moffett, 2015). For instance, the School of Business at the University of Miami proposed an ‘inverted classroom,’ which had events that traditionally took place inside the classroom now taking place outside the classroom and vice versa (Lage, Platt & Treglia, 2000). In 2000, a conference paper entitled ‘The Classroom Flip’ was presented by J Wesley Baker and the phrase ‘flipping the classroom’ was coined. Baker described how flipping the classroom could allow the trainer to become the ‘guide on the side’ rather than the ‘sage on the stage’ (Baker, 2000). In a sense, this reversal also flips the Bloom's revised taxonomy because the lower level of cognitive work/knowledge acquisition is done by the students, while educators work interactively with the students to develop the higher forms of cognition (Figure 1). To date, this approach has attracted a large amount of attention in the HPE and a subsequent surge of literature. A comparison between the traditional learning and the flipped classroom in the Bloom's taxonomy [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Fundamentally, a flipped classroom encompasses two established elements of education, the recorded lecture (off campus learning) and active learning (on campus learning). Lectures are given as homework, as an aid to learning. Homework is important because it is a time where students can share their learning progress with their family, reflect on their learning, and review the material as well as the educator's feedback (Fulton, 2012). The key characteristics of a flipped classroom compared to a traditional classroom and other existing teaching methods are summarised in Table 1. It has been highlighted that the flipped classroom fits into the broader context of blended learning (Tetreault, 2013). Blended learning as defined by Staker is ‘a formal education program in which a student learns at least in part through online delivery of content and instruction with some element of student control over time, place, path, and/or pace and at least in part at a supervised brick-and-mortar location away from home’(Staker & Horn, 2012, p.3). The flipped classroom consists of a formal education program, and online learning as a mechanism of informal learning through educational video quizzes/games. The flipped classroom approach is connected between what the students learn online (e.g., video lecture) and what they learn face-to-face (e.g., in-class active case study), and vice versa, which is a common feature of blended learning (Tetreault, 2013). In principle, the flipped classroom assigns relatively low-level cognitive learning such as memorising and understanding, outside of the classroom and teaching in class is accomplished mostly through teacher-student interactions and cooperation between peers, thereby stimulating the students’ intellectual potential (Rui et al., 2017). The option to view video lectures (as an example) outside of classroom has beneficial effects for the learners as they can replay the videos as many times as needed to better understand the key concepts at their own pace. Furthermore, this allows each student to be able to comprehend the topics being covered to his/her satisfaction, whereas this might not be possible in the context of conventional teacher-centred teaching. This is an important pedagogical consideration for international students for whom English is their second language (Moraros, Islam, Yu, Banow & Schindelka, 2015). From the teacher's perspective, a flipped classroom setting makes it easier to engage students and empower them as active participants of their own learning. There are several theoretical constructs that are applicable for a flipped classroom. Two of these include: the technology acceptance model (TAM) (Davis, 1989) and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis & Davis, 2003). These theoretical constructs provide a framework for the analysis and identification of relevant outcomes. We will outline how these two theories of flipped classroom learning can improve the learning outcomes such as student satisfaction and improved scores. TAM includes two theoretical constructs: (a) perceived usefulness and (b) perceived ease of use. These constructs are defined as "the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance" and "the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort", respectively (Davis, 1989, p320). The first theoretical construct relies on students’ prior knowledge, gained from the pre-class video lecture (for example), in enhancing their understanding (and overall learning performance) in the active in-class activities such as problem solving. The second theoretical construct is based on students' perceptions that if a flipped class room is more user friendly than the traditional teaching mode, then they would be more likely to accept it. The goal of the UTAUT model is to explain the intentions of a user to use a given information system and the subsequent behaviour of the user. The model is based on four primary constructs: 1) performance expectancy, 2) effort expectancy, 3) social influence, and 4) facilitating conditions (Venkatesh et al., 2003, p447). The first three constructs reflect the motivation of the users (i.e., students). The fourth construct reflects the characteristics of a flipped classroom setup when students engage with the pre-class materials that are uploaded on an e-learning portal. These material could be a video, an interactive presentation, a questionnaire or sometimes a recorded audio. With regard to these theoretical constructs, if students perceive that a flipped class room is user friendly and the academic environment facilitates their learning, then it will promote students' engagement, interactions and cooperation in learning, which will further improve their performance. There are potential advantages of a flipped classroom, including increased opportunities to provide individualised education to learners (Johnson, 2013; Kachka, 2012), increased student engagement with course material (Gross, Pietri, Anderson, Moyano-Camihort & Graham, 2015), and increased educator-student interaction, compared to a ‘performing’ lecture. The Kirkpatrick model of educational outcomes (Barry Issenberg, McGaghie, Petrusa, Lee Gordon & Scalese, 2005; Kirkpatrick & Kirkpatrick, 1994) comprises ‘learners’ reaction’ (to the educational experience); learning (modification of attitudes/perceptions and the acquisition of knowledge and skills); behaviour (self-reported changes in practice and observed changes in practice, including new leadership positions); and results (which refers to change at the level of the organisation) (Figure 2). For instance, regarding the 'results' outcome, the flipped classroom allows the teacher to gain advanced, real-time insight into how students learn and quickly identify and better address curriculum content that the students find most challenging. This insight can be used to better inform decisions with regard to effective curriculum organisation, structure and the delivery of future classes. Four levels of learning in Kirkpatrick's model [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] The success of a flipped classroom approach relies on a number of assumptions. Stimulation of students’ interest in learning and guided self-study (Moraros et al., 2015), primarily depends on the opportunities to actively engage students in self-directed learning and encourage progressive improvement (Bergmann, Overmyer & Wilie, 2012; Moraros et al., 2015) in assessment performances. Thus, a flipped class will not support effective learning if students fail to engage with the assigned pre-class or in-class activities (Kachka, 2012), for reasons which might include poorly designed educational materials (e.g., long, poor audio quality) or students feeling ‘lost’ (Moffett, 2015). As such, a number of contextual and structural factors that can influence flipped classroom learning include resources (inputs to the program), activities (aspects of implementation), outputs (observable products of the completed activities) and outcomes (effects or impacts within various time frames) as depicted in the conceptual framework (Figure 3). Logic model of flipped class learning [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] There are individual studies, which have evaluated flipped classroom in medical education, allied health education and health science education, using a pre-and post-test design or comparative designs to explore how learning outcomes are improved. Some studies showed positive outcomes with flipped classroom (Galway, Corbett, Takaro, Tairyan & Frank, 2014; Van Vliet et al., 2015), while others showed the opposite (Whillier & Lystad, 2015). For instance, a study on integrated flipped lectures with online teaching techniques assessed learning experiences and participation through active learning. The findings suggested that the students in the integrated flipped-online lectures had achieved an increase in active learning components compared to the group that were put in a didactic model (Galway et al., 2014). It is important to understand the factors that could have contributed to this difference. As an example, for balance of the safe learning environment (to be free from discomfort and fear) between the two groups of students, a comparability of the personality traits between the students in each group needs to be considered. On the other hand, another individual study, which assessed the effectiveness of flipped classroom in ophthalmology clerkship reported that the students in flipped classroom had more burden and pressure in preparing for the pre-class compared with the students in lecturer-based classroom group. Thus far, these published individual studies varied in design, sample size and outcome measures. It is unclear, if these findings would be generalised to other HPE. A non-Campbell systematic review of the flipped classroom reported how the flipped classroom has been applied in nursing education and the achieved outcomes associated with such teaching (Betihavas, Bridgman, Kornhaber & Cross, 2016). Due to the focus on a particular educational context (i.e., nursing or ophthalmology), the generalisability of their findings to other courses in undergraduate HPE is uncertain. Another non-Campbell collaborative systematic review, consisting of 82 studies reported on the effectiveness of flipped classroom in medical education where a pooled estimate of a subset of six experimental studies showed generally positive perceptions of the students to the flipped classroom. However, there were no significant changes in knowledge and skills (Cohen's d = −0.27 to 1.21, median: 0.08; Chen, Lui, & Martinelli, 2017). These systematic reviews, focused on a particular area (either nursing education or medical education) had a limited number of included studies, considerable variation in study designs, a lack of methodological quality assessment of the included studies, and the quality of evidence reported by these systematic reviews is poor. A systematic review which combines the results of interventions, using flipped classroom compared with alternative learning or traditional learning, will help us to make recommendations for the development and implementation of successful flipped classroom amongst health professionals. The current review also aims to serve as a reference for decision makers to support evidence-based approaches to flipped classroom in HPE. The primary objective of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of flipped classroom intervention for undergraduate health professional students on academic performance and course satisfaction. The influence of context in the design, delivery and outcomes of the flipped classroom interventions in undergraduate health professional education; The barriers and facilitators of flipped classroom learning effectiveness for undergraduate health professional students. Specifically, this review is designed to answer the following research questions: What are the effects of flipped classroom learning on undergraduate health professional students' academic performance? What are the effects of flipped classroom learning on undergraduate health professional students' course satisfaction? Do any moderator variables affect the effectiveness of flipped classroom learning on academic performance outcomes? Moderators will include (if data are available), study design, student related factors such as the amount of out-of-class preparation time, classroom availability and limited high speed internet access for rural and remote students, quality of interactive tools, and faculty related factors such as faculty members' preference to a more didactic approach. Randomised designs, which include individual-level randomised trials, cluster-level randomised trials and natural experiments, where assignment to treatment or control conditions is functionally random. Non-randomised designs, which include at least one treatment group and at least one comparison group, matching designs, two-group pre-post designs, regression discontinuity designs. We do not include qualitative research. We included all undergraduate health professional students, regardless of the type of healthcare streams (e.g., medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy), duration of the learning activity (e.g., one or two semesters) or the country where the study is conducted. Any educational intervention that includes the flipped classroom as a teaching and learning activity in undergraduate programmes, regardless of the type of healthcare streams (e.g., medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy) will be considered. To be included, a study must explicitly indicate that the teaching/learning activities for undergraduate students included in the flipped classroom, reversed classroom or flipping class, aiming to improve student learning and/or student satisfaction. Standard lectures and subsequent tutorial formats will not be considered as flipped classroom. Studies on flipped classroom methods among undergraduate or postgraduate students who are not from the healthcare streams (e.g., engineering, economics, computer science) will be excluded. We explored the impact of flipped classroom learning in undergraduate health professional students on academic related outcomes. The primary outcome is academic performance measured by examination scores, final grades or other formal assessment methods at immediate post-test. The secondary outcome is student satisfaction measured at immediate post-test using a self report scale, which may include the training institution's own format of assessing student satisfaction. 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Flipped classroom (FC) is a novel teaching method. To assess its effectiveness in teaching physical education in schools, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted with the aim of exploring the Impact of FC method in PE on the intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and learning satisfaction. As of February 2025, a comprehensive search was conducted in the Web of Science (WoS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases to identify studies pertaining to FC style PE instruction and its impact on students' intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and learning satisfaction. Total 13 studies were included in this study. The results demonstrated that, compared to traditional teaching methods, the FC model significantly improved intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and learning satisfaction. These findings underscore the notable positive impact of the FC approach on multiple educational outcomes. Subgroup analyses revealed that the FC model significantly enhanced students' intrinsic motivation across different countries, various PE subjects, differing class sizes, and diverse student populations. In terms of learning satisfaction, the FC approach demonstrated positive effects in subgroups involving Chinese participants, PE subjects focused on dance, and varying class sizes. Integrating the FC model into school PE classes has been shown to enhance students' intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and learning satisfaction. However, further high-quality research is essential to solidify and extend these findings.

This article describes the implementation of the analytical project introducting the “Flipped classroom” method into teaching the Russian language in Chinese universities. The theoretical foundations of the “Flipped classroom” model are presented in the article as an innovative methodology, which the authors use in the process of teaching a foreign language to increase students’ motivation and future linguists and translators’ quality of knowledge and skills. The problematic of the article is defined by the commitment to traditional nationally conditioned methods in the class modeling and teacher-student communication in China. The relevance of the study is determined by the main methods of correcting the education stages, which allow the teacher to intensify the students’ activity not only in applying the acquired knowledge, but also in getting new knowledge and skills independently. The article analyzes the experiment conducted within the course “Grammar of the Russian Language”, which revealed that the “Flipped classroom” arouses more students’ interest to the Russian language, helps to develop their speech skills and improves their ability to use a variety of language means, releases the lecturer from long hours lectures, provides an opportunity to transform the educational process. The main directions of the “Flipped classroom” are defined, the authors’ system of technologies, particularly focused videocourses created without involving programming specialists are shown. Both positive results and problems of teaching the Russian language by Chinese students with the use of the “Flipped classroom” model are considered. Comparative characteristics and the results of traditional and innovative teaching are presented. The statistical data of the students’ survey and the diagnosis of the knowledge quality, monitoring and evaluation of teaching results are given. The article presents the experience of Russian as a foreign language teaching at the Faculty of the Russian language at Sichuan University.

Research has shown that the potential benefits of a flipped classroom could be diminished by the way students perceive and prepare information prior to class. This study aims to explore individual characteristics, such as learner motivation, self‐efficacy and epistemology beliefs, that might have an impact on learning outcomes in a flipped classroom. Data were collected using four instruments during a 7‐week flipped classroom conducted from mid‐September 2014 to mid‐November 2014 with a total enrolment of 85 students (10 females and 75 males) in the required course, Applied English for Vocational Education. After controlling for pre‐test and other covariates (eg, gender, grade and experience), an analysis based on structural equation modeling showed a positive and significant ( β = 0.12, p < 0.05) indirect effect of instrumentality (promotion) on the change in test scores through averaged quiz scores. Beliefs had a significant positive effect on change in scores between pre‐ and post‐tests ( β = 0.20, p < 0.05). Findings revealed that language learners with a high level of motivation in instrumentality (promotion) followed quiz mechanisms closely and thus benefited most from the flipped classroom. Learners with high beliefs exhibited improvement in the post‐tests without doing well in quizzes. The implications for a flipped language learning classroom are discussed, including multiple strategies for regulating learners of different personal traits to preview the online course content before class.

This cross-sectional study investigated the effects of value-based leadership and growth mindset on the intrinsic work motivation of Chinese lecturers. In addition, this study used age as a categorical moderator to investigate generational differences between the effects of Millennials and their predecessors. A sample of 518 lecturers from various Chinese universities was used to collect data, and SEM-PLS was used to analyse the data. The results showed that value-based leadership and growth mindset had a significant positive impact on both younger and older lecturers’ intrinsic work motivation, with the effect of value-based leadership on younger lecturers’ intrinsic motivation being significantly stronger than on older lecturers’ intrinsic motivation, whereas the effect of growth mindset on intrinsic work motivation did not differ significantly between the younger and older groups. This study contributes to the existing research literature by contrasting the value-based leadership and growth mindset in relation to lecturers’ intrinsic work motivation across younger and older groups in Chinese higher education settings, where greater heterogeneity between age groups was identified. The findings also provided university administrators with recommendations for boosting the intrinsic work motivation of lecturers, influencing future education policy.

This cross-sectional study investigated the effects of value-based leadership and growth mindset on the intrinsic work motivation of Chinese lecturers. In addition, this study used age as a categorical moderator to investigate generational differences between the effects of Millennials and their predecessors. A sample of 518 lecturers from various Chinese universities was used to collect data, and SEM-PLS was used to analyse the data. The results showed that value-based leadership and growth mindset had a significant positive impact on both younger and older lecturers' intrinsic work motivation, with the effect of value-based leadership on younger lecturers' intrinsic motivation being significantly stronger than on older lecturers' intrinsic motivation, whereas the effect of growth mindset on intrinsic work motivation did not differ significantly between the younger and older groups. This study contributes to the existing research literature by contrasting the value-based leadership and growth mindset in relation to lecturers' intrinsic work motivation across younger and older groups in Chinese higher education settings, where greater heterogeneity between age groups was identified. The findings also provided university administrators with recommendations for boosting the intrinsic work motivation of lecturers, influencing future education policy.

There is growing evidence showing that outcomes improve when students are involved in an active classroom, as opposed to the more traditional, didactic lecture. One type of active classroom that is becoming more popular is the flipped classroom. A flipped classroom requires students to complete assignments prior to class, so they have exposure to the material that will be covered in the upcoming lecture. Class time is then used to reinforce concepts and answer questions through a variety of activities which require students to be active participants. Despite evidence that shows that students often benefit from participation in an active classroom, most “flipped classrooms” are utilized in low enrollment classes. However, enrollment in anatomy and physiology classes at large institutions often exceeds 100 and can be as high as 900 students. Flipping a large enrollment class presents many logistical hurdles. Thus, the purpose of this study was to see if a flipped classroom could be effectively employed in a large enrollment class, and how this change in classroom format would affect exam scores. We hypothesized that exam scores would be higher in a flipped classroom compared to a traditional, didactic lecture. This study compared the first two exam scores from students enrolled in a 200-level introductory human physiology class during the Fall 2022 and Fall 2023 semesters. The topics for each exam were similar across semesters. The first exam covered core concepts, cell biology and nervous system. The second exam covered nervous system, special senses, and muscular system. The Fall 2022 semester and Fall 2023 had enrollments of 269 and 422 students, respectively. For each semester, students attended four, 50-minute in-person classes, as well as a 110-minute in-person lab. Exams were 50-minutes in length and composed of ~45 multiple-choice questions. While the content and exam set-up were similar between semesters, many exam questions were different between semesters. The Fall 2022 class was taught using a more traditional format, which primarily consisted of didactic lecture, which included active periods where students worked together to answer sample exam questions using TopHat. Students were not required to complete any pre-class assignments, but they did have a weekly, low-stakes formative quiz which helped them assess their understanding of the current week’s topics. The Fall 2023 class utilized a flipped method. Prior to each class, students were expected to watch 2-3 short 8-10 minute videos which were embedded with PlayPosit questions, complete a worksheet with 3-4 questions covering important concepts, and take a 5-question pre-class quiz. Students received points for attending class during both semesters. Students in the flipped classroom (81.7 ± 12.7%) achieved higher Exam 1 scores than those in the traditional classroom (74.0 ± 13.6%, p < 0.001). However, there was no difference in Exam 2 scores between flipped (73.8 ± 13.8%) and traditional classrooms (71.9 ± 16.3%, p = 0.09). Additionally, using TopHat participation as indicator, attendance in the flipped classroom was greater. More students attended the last day of class prior to Exam 2 in the flipped classroom (67%) compared to the traditional classroom (24%). While setting up a flipped classroom requires a lot of upfront work, these findings suggest that a flipped classroom can be successful in a large enrollment class, by increasing student attendance and improving student outcomes. Indiana University, Bloomington Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning; 2023 Summer Instructional Development Fellowship. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

As educational reform advances and student individuality becomes more pronounced, learning motivation has become a key factor in improving teaching quality and supporting the holistic development of students. This paper aims to examine the key features, classifications, and determinants of learning motivation, as well as evaluate its role in learning strategies and academic performance. By reviewing and analyzing relevant literature from recent years, the paper investigates the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and their impact on the learning process. The results indicate that intrinsic motivation is key to long-term success in learning and applying complex learning strategies, while extrinsic motivation, although useful in the short term, can result in a loss of interest if relied upon for extended periods. Learning motivation is determined by the interaction between personal traits, environmental factors, and the broader socio-cultural context. This paper may provide a theoretical overview that may help inform educational practices and suggest areas for further investigation into learning motivation, especially in light of cultural globalization and the increasing influence of technology.

Aim/Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between motivation and students’ perspectives, learning performance, and use of online course materials in flipped classrooms. Background: The flipped classroom model is an innovative instruction method that has limited research to date exploring its impact on motivation. It remains unknown if the same motivation patterns exist in flipped classrooms as in purely face-to-face or online learning environments. Methodology: Fifty-nine undergraduate students’ expectancy beliefs (control beliefs about learning, self-efficacy) and value beliefs (task value, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation) were measured by subscales adapted from Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Students’ final grade percentage represented their learning performance. Regression analysis was used to explore the ability of motivational characteristics to evaluate how well the five motivational subscales predicted participants’ perspectives of a flipped class. Contribution: The results of this study suggest that students have similar motivation patterns regarding their learning performance in flipped classrooms as in traditional or online classrooms. Overall, students reported positive motivational beliefs towards a flipped classroom. Findings: Results indicated that students in a flipped classroom also show a positive correlation with motivation regarding their learning performance as in traditional or online classrooms. Self-efficacy is a significant predictor of both students’ academic achievement and perceptions of the flipped classroom. Overall, students had positive attitudes towards the flipped model but indicated neutral attitudes when asked if they wished to take another class taught in a flipped format. Recommendations for Practitioners: The findings suggested that instructors should set up pre-class activities related to credits that account for the course grade to reinforce students’ effort spent on course preparation. The results of this study suggest that students’ previous experiences of flipped classrooms and online learning may not always affect their motivational beliefs, learning performance, and perceptions of the course format in a flipped classroom. However, a large number of online materials may cause fatigue and make students unwilling to use all the online materials. Recommendation for Researchers: The flipped classroom model is a valuable teaching strategy that can be applied at any educational level to maximize learning time, but continuing research is needed in the field to improve the effectiveness of this approach and facilitate learning among all students, including those with low self-efficacy beliefs or overall motivation. Impact on Society: While the flipped learning model challenges instructors to shift emphasis from providing content to designing active learning experiences, this role remains vitally important for facilitating in-class activities, scaffolding out-of-class preparation, and effectively implementing the flipped design. Future Research: This research did not use control experiments to eliminate other confounding variables. This study explored relationships between motivation and flipped learning but did not prove cause and effect. Whether students in a non-flipped learning classroom have a higher or lower motivation is still unknown and more empirical studies are still needed in the field for assisting instructors who want to adopt this teaching style with better practices.

Motivation is an important factor in language learning, including English. Without motivation, a person will lose the spirit of learning which can affect their success. This study aims to determine the level of motivation of students in learning English and determine the type of motivation that is more dominant, namely intrinsic or extrinsic motivation. This study used descriptive qualitative method with instruments in the form of questionnaires and interviews. The research participants were 192 third-semester students studying at the language laboratory of Bandar Lampung University. The data were analyzed using a five-point Likert scale to measure the overall level of motivation and compare intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The results showed that most students had a high level of motivation in learning English, with an average score of 4.26. The dominant motivation found was intrinsic motivation, with an average score of 4.26, compared to extrinsic motivation which had a score of 3.94. Students are more motivated to learn English for personal reasons such as interest in the English language and culture as well as the desire to improve communication skills. In conclusion, intrinsic motivation is more dominant than extrinsic motivation in learning English at the language laboratory of Bandar Lampung University. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers continue to support and enrich learning methods that can increase students' intrinsic motivation.

This study aims to determine the motivation of students in learning English during the Covid-19 pandemic, with a specific focus on eighth-grade students at SMP Negeri 27 Makassar. And to explores the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that drive students’ motivation in English learning. The study utilized questionnaires and interviews as research instruments to collect data on student motivation levels. Data analysis was conducted using a 4-point Likert scale to determine the levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The findings of the study indicate that students at SMP Negeri 27 Makassar exhibited a remarkably high level of intrinsic motivation, driven by students' aspirations to enhance their understanding and proficiency in the English language. Additionally, the influence of extrinsic motivation factors showed a high level, attributed to the presence of a conducive learning environment and engaging teaching materials, which significantly contributed to student motivation. Overall, the level of student motivation in learning English during the Covid-19 pandemic at SMPN 27 Makassar, reaching 72.23, falls within the category of very high motivation. The Intrinsic factors instance perseverance in following English learning, feeling of necessity in English language learning, and the expectations and aspirations associated with English language learning play a crucial role in student intrinsic motivation. Additionally, the extrinsic factors instance a supportive learning environment, engaging teaching methods, and the availability of adequate learning facilities, significantly contribute to students' motivation.Keywords: Motivation, Motivational Factor, English Learning

Objectives As the number of college graduating students increases year by year, the problem of employment dif-ficulties of graduating students has become increasingly prominent, followed by psychological changes resulting in career decision-making anxiety. From the perspective of educational psychology, this study explores the influ-ence of normal university graduating students’ psychological resilience on career decision-making anxiety and the mediating effect of coping styles, and finds out the influencing factors of career decision-making anxiety, so as to put forward coping styles to alleviate normal university graduating students’ career decision-making anxiety.
 Methods The study used quantitative method to analyze the relationship between psychological resilience and career decision-making anxiety among 469 soon-to-be Chinese normal graduating students. SPSS 25.0 stat-istical software was used for descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis. By using AMOS 24.0 software, structural equation models are established to analyze path coefficients and mediating effects.
 Results The psychological resilience and the career decision-making anxiety of normal graduating students are generally at a moderate level, with significant differences in demographic variables such as gender, and student cadre experience. There are the significant negative correlation between psychological resilience and career deci-sion-making anxiety. The mediating effect test shows that the psychological resilience of college graduating stu-dents can indirectly affect career decision-making anxiety through (positive and negative) coping styles. Coping styles (positive and negative coping style) have a partial mediating effect between psychological resilience and ca-reer decision-making anxiety.
 Conclusions Psychological resilience and coping styles of normal university graduating students are closely re-lated to career decision-making anxiety. Psychological resilience can directly affect career decision-making anxi-ety, but also indirectly affect career decision-making anxiety through (positive and negative) coping styles.

The flipped classroom exemplifies the concept of active teaching; nevertheless, its effects on learning motivation and academic performance remain somewhat inconsistent. In this research, a sample of 70 sophomore students from China was selected and divided into an experimental group (comprising 35 students) and a control group (also 35 students). A four-month quasi-experiment was then conducted, with the experimental group implementing the flipped classroom teaching approach, while the control group adhered to the traditional teaching method. Before and after the experiment, a questionnaire covering four factors, which was determined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of 611 college students, was used to measure the changes in students' English learning motivation, and two English proficiency tests of the same difficulty level were also conducted. The research results of the independent t test between the two groups showed that the overall motivation level of the experimental group was significantly improved. Specifically, in terms of integrative motivation, the mean value of the post-test in the experimental class was 3.53, with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.90, a t-value of 2.651, a P-value of 0.010* and a Cohen's d of 0.634; in terms of instrumental motivation, the mean value of the post-test was 3.34, with a SD of 0.91, a t-value of 2.881, a P-value of 0.005** and a Cohen's d of 0.689; in terms of autonomous learning motivation, the mean value of the post-test was 3.84, with a SD of 0.78, a t-value of 5.569, a P-value of 0.000**and a Cohen's d of 1.331; in terms of intrinsic motivation, the mean value of the post-test was 3.58, with a SD of 0.94, a t-value of2.889, a P-value of 0.005**and a Cohen's d of 0.691; from the perspective of total motivation, the mean value of the post-test was 3.58, with a SD of 0.69, a t-value of 4.477, a P-value of 0.000**and a Cohen's d of 1.070. Meanwhile, the total score of the English test in the experimental group was also significantly increased in the independent t test. The mean value of the post-test in the experimental class was 68.06, with a SD of 8.00, a t-value of 3.336, and a P-value of 0.001**and a Cohen's d of 0.797. Through correlation analysis, it was found that the above four factors had a significant positive correlation with English scores. Further multivariate linear regression analysis was carried out, taking the four motivation factors as independent variables and English scores as dependent variables. The results showed that autonomous learning motivation (P = 0.022* < 0.05) and intrinsic motivation (P = 0.001** < 0.01) made significant contributions to predicting English scores, and the variance inflation factor (VIF) value was less than 5, indicating that there was no multicollinearity problem. In conclusion, this study confirms that the flipped classroom can effectively stimulate students' English learning motivation and improve their scores. Accordingly, it is recommended to focus on cultivating students' autonomous learning motivation and intrinsic learning motivation in the teaching process.