Abstract
The main purposes of the present study are to evaluate pilot grouting and to develop regression equations for prediction of grout intake. There are no permeability problems with the sandstone-siltstone-claystone alternations and basement clayey limestone at the dam site. Karstic limestone block is permeable due to karstification and heavy discontinuities. For the purpose of the study, Q system, geological strength index (GSI), secondary permeability index (SPI), joint spacing (JSP), joint apertures (Ap), Lugeon (Lu), and the permeability coefficient (k) were determined. Karstic limestone block rock mass properties correlated with grouting material amount. A series of simple and multiple nonlinear regression analyses was performed between grout take material amount (Gt) and average values of these rock mass properties. Significant determination coefficients were determined. Prediction capacity of the empirical equations were also examined with root mean square error (RMSE), values account for (VAF), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and prediction error evaluations. Considering simple regression analyses, the equation derived with Gt-SPI gives the best performance. The best prediction is determined with the equation derived with rock quality designation values (RQD), SPI, and joint aperture as input parameters with the multiple nonlinear regression analysis, in addition to this, other empirical equations also provide acceptable results.
Highlights
Grouting is a method of injecting cement, sand, bentonite, or chemical material with water into soil or rock masses in order to decrease permeability and increase foundation material strength.Grouting equipment are summarized as follows: water tank, mixer, agitator, grouting pump, related manometers, transmission hoses, drilling machine, and equipment (Figure 1)
secondary permeability index (SPI) classes for drilled boreholes show that the karstic limestone block requires extensive grouting (Table 8)
Graphs showing relationshipsbetween between prediction error and and cumulative frequency for Graphs showing the the relationships prediction error cumulative frequency for the empirical equations evaluated in this study. (a) The evaluation all empirical equations and (b) the the empirical equations evaluated in this study. (a) The evaluation all empirical equations and (b) the evaluation for the empirical equations between −150% and +70%
Summary
Grouting is a method of injecting cement, sand, bentonite, or chemical material with water into soil or rock masses in order to decrease permeability and increase foundation material strength. The relationships rock mass properties and grouting have been studied by numerous researchers. Foyo et between rock mass properties and grouting have been studied by numerous researchers. Lugeon of grout injection considering the methods of [5,6,7,8] based on the values obtained from Lugeon tests. They compared rock mass rating (RMR) and geological strength index (GSI) systems with Lugeon. They suggested that rock quality designation a direct relationship tests. The validity of empirical equations depends on several factors, especially engineering properties of rock mass.
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