An Antidote to the Foetal Image? The Role of Creative Performance Counterprotest in Contemporary Abortion Activism

While secondary data analysis of quantitative data has become commonplace and encouraged across disciplines, the practice of secondary data analysis with qualitative data has met more criticism and concerns regarding potential methodological and ethical problems. Though commentary about qualitative secondary data analysis has increased, little is known about the current state of qualitative secondary data analysis or how researchers are conducting secondary data analysis with qualitative data. This critical interpretive synthesis examined research articles (n = 71) published between 2006 and 2016 that involved qualitative secondary data analysis and assessed the context, purpose, and methodologies that were reported. Implications of findings are discussed, with particular focus on recommended guidelines and best practices of conducting qualitative secondary data analysis.

Qualitative Secondary Data Analysis remains severely underutilized in Human Development and Family Sciences (HDFS). In this paper, we revisit the topic of qualitative secondary data analysis, exploring complications and possibilities. Major barriers to qualitative secondary data analysis are archiving data, availability of datasets, and knowledge and explicit models of qualitative data reanalysis. Foregrounding the importance of multilogicality, qualitative secondary data analysis moves away from linear, unidimensional, and restricted analyses and understandings. With exceptions, little published discussion exists about philosophical considerations and analytical tools that could be used for qualitative secondary data analysis within HDFS. In response to this deficit, we offer ideas and examples of qualitative secondary data analyses from our datasets. By reopening this can of words, we hope to (re) generate more discussion and encourage a greater number of HDFS scholars to archive their qualitative datasets and reuse existing qualitative datasets.

Shared qualitative data – such as interview or focus group transcripts – can be used for secondary qualitative data analysis (SQDA). Yet, much archived qualitative data remains unused after primary analysis. Applications and guidance on how to employ SQDA are rare. We use an example application of SQDA studying informal institutions and resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa to show: First, SQDA depends on how primary researchers share ‘raw’ qualitative data and additional documentation to understand primary context. Second, deductive and inductive uses of SQDA require varying engagement with primary data. Third, current practices of participant consent often do not consider potential SQDA. Fourth, SQDA is not less time-consuming than primary data research but offers different benefits, such as expanding the comparative sample of cases or avoiding research fatigue of studied communities. Going forward, SQDA requires greater consensus on the instruments (e.g. transcripts and participant consent forms) used by researchers and further applications of hypothesis-testing and hypothesis-generating designs.

This study aimed to explore adolescents and young adults' experiences of symptoms related to their eczema in order to determine their psychosocial needs. A secondary qualitative analysis of two data sources collected through semi-structured interviews for two different projects, SKINS project and Eczema Care Online project. In total, there were 28 transcripts with adolescents and young adults with eczema having a mean age of 19.5years available to analyse. Interview data were collected from face-to-face interviews that were recorded and transcribed. Inductive thematic analysis explored data about symptoms and organized according to psychosocial needs. Adolescents and young adults with eczema experience both visible symptoms (such as flaky, dry, and inflamed skin) and invisible symptoms (such as itch, pain, exhaustion, and mental distress) that elicit different psychosocial needs. These psychosocial needs are to (i) be understood; (ii) be perceived as normal; and (iii) receive emotional support. Interviewees described a struggle between wanting their peers and family to understand but take their eczema seriously whilst not wanting to stand out and instead to be perceived as 'normal', which they would define as being perceived as other adolescents. This has implications on behaviours, such as seeking support, avoiding going out, hiding their skin, as well as emotional implications, such as social isolation and feeling anxious and low. Having a better understanding of young people's experiences and psychosocial needs will provide a framework on how best to support adolescents and young adults when managing symptoms related to eczema. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Eczema has a high impact on children and is considered a burden by children and adults with eczema. However, it is unclear what impact eczema has on adolescents and young adults. Adolescents and young adults with chronic conditions are known to be vulnerable to negative psychosocial outcomes but psychosocial needs and how to best support this age group with eczema are unknown What does this add? Three psychosocial needs were developed from evaluating the impact of visible and invisible symptoms of eczema: The need to feel understood (mostly reflective of invisible symptoms such as itch and pain and visible symptoms such as scratching). The need to be perceived as 'normal': visible symptoms such as flaky, inflamed skin make them stand out in comparison with their peers and a need emerged to blend in. The need for emotional support: adolescents and young adults searched for this from their health care providers, from shared experiences and from online resources. Adolescents and young adults with eczema appear to feel ambivalent about wishing the impact of the condition to be acknowledged whilst wishing the condition to be invisible to others. This ambivalence had further impact on feeling self-conscious, seeking support, and dealing with unsolicited advice.

The article presents a report on the secondary analysis of raw qualitative data regarding the concept of disability from the perspective of 16 males with congenital physical disability ( spina bifida, cerebral palsy ) and acquired disabilities after an accident. The project was performed as a secondary quality data analysis based on analytical induction, a methodological construct called the conceptual framework according to Imenda (2014) and was data-driven research according to Wolcott (1992) and Spradley (2016; 2016). The analysis was grounded in the context of religious practices undertaken by the participants (prayer, pilgrimage, retreat). The main research question in the secondary data analysis was: what concept of one’s own disability do males have in the context of religious practices? The detailed research questions concerned the presence in the theoretical content of models of disability, the location of the field of one’s own disability, its value and significance for Catholic males, participants of the religious practices. Secondly, raw data were analysed from primary reports and Polish ethnographic research devoted to pilgrimage, prayer and Catholic volunteering conducted by three researchers, Paulina Łyczbinska in 2012, Agnieszka Karpinska in 2014 and Magdalena Łazik in 2013. The authors performed primary research with a total of 28 adults, both females and males with physical and/or multiple disabilities participating in religious practices, including prayer, pilgrimages to Jasna Gora, meetings and retreats of the integration groups of Caritas. The secondary data analysis focused on data from 16 males aged 19–55 (including 15 males of normal intellect and 1 male with a mild intellectual disability) with physical (inheritable) (13 males) or acquired (3 males) disabilities, 12 of whom used a wheelchair, and 4 used crutches. The research findings indicated the understanding of disability by 16 males in the following models: medical ( disability as a disease, illness ), religious ( disability as a cross, suffering, gift, God’s will ), social ( disability as a situation, etc. ), as well as its variant, the human rights model ( disability as dependence and independence, barriers to overcome, etc. ). In addition, the results indicated the location of disability in the context of participation in religious practices, its’ value, significance and characteristic rhetoric in the context of implemented practices.

The current paper takes as a focus some issues relating to the possibility for, and effective conduct of, qualitative secondary data analysis. We consider some challenges for the re-use of qualitative research data, relating to researcher distance from the production of primary data, and related constraints on knowledge of the proximate contexts of data production. With others we argue that distance and partial knowledge of proximate contexts may constrain secondary analysis but that its success is contingent on its objectives. So long as data analysis is fit for purpose then secondary analysis is no poor relation to primary analysis. We argue that a set of middle range issues has been relatively neglected in debates about secondary analysis, and that there is much that can be gained from more critical reflection on how salient contexts are conceptualised, and how they are accessed, and assumed, within methodologies and extant data sets. We also argue for more critical reflection on how effective knowledge claims are built. We develop these arguments through a consideration of ESRC Timescapes qualitative data sets with reference to an illustrative analysis of gender, time pressure and work/family commitments. We work across disparate data sets and consider strategies for translating evidence, and engendering meaningful analytic conversation, between them.

This article explored issues arising from secondary analysis of qualitative data and analyzed the results of qualitative secondary analysis studies published in English, focusing on the methodological aspects. A total of 29 studies were identified as qualitative secondary analysis studies, retrieving from the CINAHL database from 1982 to 3rd week of April 2003. These studies were analyzed by publication year, research method, and type of approach to secondary analysis. The year that the qualitative secondary analysis study first published was 1992 and the number of the studies using secondary analysis has increased after the middle of 1990s. Grounded theory was the one the most frequently used(n=11, 37.9%) and phenomenological study the second most(n=6, 20.7%). In terms of types of approach, fifteen studies(51.7%) focused on the specific concepts that were not explored in the primary studies. Nine(31.0%) focused on the specific types of participants. Six were aimed to integrate contexts or perspectives to generate more general and abstract analysis of qualitative data. The results of this article will stimulate methodological discussion of qualitative secondary analysis and activate qualitative studies using secondary analysis.

Qualitative research is recognized as an important method for including patients' voices and experiences in health services research and policy-making, yet the considerable potential to analyse existing qualitative data to inform health policy and practice has been little realized. This failure may partly be explained by: a lack of awareness amongst health policy makers of the increasing wealth of qualitative data available; and around 15 years of internal debates among qualitative researchers on the strengths, limitations and validity of re-use of qualitative data. Whilst acknowledging the challenges of qualitative secondary data analysis, we argue that there is a growing imperative to be pragmatic and to undertake analysis of existing qualitative data collections where they have the potential to contribute to health policy formulation. Time pressures are inherent in the policy-making process and in many circumstances it is not possible to seek funding, conduct and analyse new qualitative studies of patients' experiences in time to inform a specific policy. The danger then is that the patient voice, and the experiences of relatives and carers, is either excluded or included in a way that is easily dismissed as 'unrepresentative'. We argue that secondary analysis of qualitative data collections may sometimes be an effective means to enable patient experiences to inform policy decision-making.

BackgroundThe current study is a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected as part of EURIPIDES, a study which assessed how patient experience data were used to improve the quality of...

BackgroundWe set out to explore if, and how, an archive of qualitative, narrative interviews covering over 60 health issues could be used to inform the development of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) quality standards. We also sought to identify which aspects of health care are important to people facing different health conditions and to test a set of ‘core components’ in focus groups with people who tend to be less well represented in interview research studies.Objectives(1) To conduct qualitative secondary analysis (of collections of narrative interviews) to identify common, core components of patients’ experiences of the NHS. (2) To test these candidate components with (i) further purposive sampling of the interview collections and (ii) a series of focus groups with users. (3) To embed the project alongside the development of NICE clinical guidelines and quality standards. (4) To inform the development of measurement tools on patients’ experiences. (5) To develop and share resources and skills for secondary analysis of qualitative health research.Methods and data sourcesWe used qualitative methods including qualitative secondary analysis, interviews with team members and focus groups. We also ran a workshop on secondary analysis practice and a dissemination seminar. The secondary analysis used narrative interviews from the archive held by the Health Experiences Research Group in Oxford. These interviews have been collected over a 12-year period, number over 3500 and are copyrighted to the University of Oxford for research publications and broadcasting. Other data were digital recordings of interviews and observations at meetings. We prepared reports intended to contribute to NICE clinical guidelines and quality standards development.ResultsWe identified eight consistently important aspects of care: involving the patient in decisions; a friendly and caring attitude; an understanding of how life is affected; seeing the same health professional; guiding through difficult conversations; taking time to explain; pointing towards further support; and efficiently sharing health information across services. Expectations varied but we found few differences in what is valued, even when we tested the reach of these ideas with groups who rarely take part in mainstream health research. The asthma report for NICE highlighted several issues, but only the importance of proper inhaler training contributed to a quality statement. Several barriers were identified to using (unpublished) tailor-made analyses in NICE product development.ConclusionsWe compared the perspectives about what is most valued in health care between people with different health conditions. They were in agreement, even though their experiences of health-care relationships varied enormously. With regard to the NICE clinical guideline and quality standard development process, the usual source of evidence is published qualitative or quantitative research. Unpublished secondary analysis of qualitative data did not fit the usual criteria for evidence. We suggest that targeted secondary analysis of qualitative data has more potential when the qualitative literature is sparse, unclear or contradictory. Further work might include further testing of the identified core components in other patient groups and health conditions, and collaboration with NICE technical teams to establish whether or not it is possible to identify areas of patient experience research where targeted secondary analyses have potential to add to a qualitative literature synthesis.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.

BackgroundThe shift towards Open Science means that there is an increasing expectation amongst funders and publishers of health and social care research in the UK that all data be made...

Caring for a Child With an Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury: A Metaphor Analysis

The importance and conservation of this underground architectural heritage, Kharian Baoli, constructed in 1013 A.H. (over four centuries ago) under the rule of Mughal Emperor Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar, have been studied and analysed within this research paper. At the time of its construction, this water-body was built for the watering and domestic needs of the people, but later, in the late 20th century, it got ruined and was covered with trash, where native people reside. Following a long-drawn-out legal dispute in the Lahore High Court, the Punjab Government, yielding to pressure from the civil society of Kharian, restored it during 2019-2021 at a cost of 10 million rupees to its previous state. The research emphasizes the need for protecting such abandoned welfare infrastructure of the past and uses qualitative research techniques, i.e., primary and secondary data analysis, site visit, Gujrat district's historical chronicles, and comparative research on similar stepwells. It also analyses court proceedings, government documents, and news reports in order to track the legal and administrative actions leading to the revival of the baoli. By recording this case, the article highlights the intersection of heritage preservation, judicial intervention, and community activism in protecting Mughal-era public utilities.

BackgroundThe use of electronic health records has generated an increase in after-hours and weekend work for providers. To alleviate this situation, the hiring of medical scribes has rapidly increased. Given the lack of scribe industry standards and the wide variance in how providers and scribes work together, it could potentially create new patient safety-related risks.ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper was to identify how providers can optimize the effective and safe use of scribes.DesignThe research team conducted a secondary analysis of qualitative data where we reanalyzed data from interview transcripts, field notes, and transcribed group discussions generated by four previous projects related to medical scribes.ParticipantsPurposively selected participants included subject matter experts, providers, informaticians, medical scribes, medical assistants, administrators, social scientists, medical students, and qualitative researchers.ApproachThe team used NVivo12 to assist with the qualitative analysis. We used a template method followed by word queries to identify an optimum level of scribe utilization. We then used an inductive interpretive theme-generation process.Key ResultsWe identified three themes: (1) communication aspects, (2) teamwork efforts, and (3) provider characteristics. Each theme contained specific practices so providers can use scribes safely and in a standardized way.ConclusionWe utilized a secondary qualitative data analysis methodology to develop themes describing how providers can optimize their use of scribes. This new knowledge could increase provider efficiency and safety and be incorporated into further and future training tools for them.

Publications and presentations resulting from secondary analysis of qualitative research are less common than similar efforts using quantitative secondary analysis, although online availability of high-quality qualitative data continues to increase. Advantages of secondary qualitative analysis include access to sometimes hard to reach participants; challenges include identifying data that are sufficient to respond to purposes beyond those the data were initially gathered to address. In this paper I offer an overview of secondary qualitative analysis processes and provide general recommendations for researchers to consider in planning and conducting qualitative secondary analysis. I also include a select list of data sources. Well-planned secondary qualitative analysis projects potentially reflect efficient use or reuse of resources and provide meaningful insights regarding a variety of subjects.