An analysis of the transportation planning for the 2010 Soccer World Cup in South Africa

PROTOCOL: The effects of road infrastructure, and transport and logistics services interventions on women's participation in informal and formal labour markets in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

Problem setting. The economic and legal support for the development of transport infrastructure is crucial for Ukraine's recovery and economic growth. Integrating the economy into the unified European space and rebuilding regions affected by Russian aggression are impossible without modernizing civilian, particularly transport, infrastructure. This requires improving the current legislation regulating transport relations. The proper functioning of the infrastructure aligns with Ukraine's aspiration to unite with European nations. The strategic course towards EU membership necessitates harmonizing national legislation with European standards in transport and infrastructure. Clearly defining the term "transport infrastructure" in the legislation will create a transparent legal environment conducive to attracting foreign investment and fostering partnerships with EU member states. This will also enhance the competitiveness of Ukraine's transport infrastructure on the international level, ensuring its resilience in the context of globalization and technological advancement. Therefore, a doctrinal study of the term «transport infrastructure» is essential for establishing a stable legal environment that will contribute to the country's development. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Taking into account the complexity and multifaceted nature of the category «transport infrastructure», its research was carried out by specialists in various fields of domestic jurisprudence. Thus, in her scientific work «Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Definition of the Concept of «Transport Infrastructure of a Region»», G. Zhovtyak made an attempt to deeply comprehend the essence of the concept of «Transport infrastructure of a region», to detail its components and to classify its elements. The issues of regulatory consolidation of the concept of «Transport infrastructure» were also the subject of research in the collective monograph of I. Zablodska, I. Buzko, O. Zelenko and I. Khoroshylova «Infrastructural Support for the Development of the Regional Transport System». This aspect was also considered in the works of N. Lavreniuk «The Concept of Transport Infrastructure in the Context of Ukraine-EU Integration Processes», O. Kryvoruchko «The Essence of Transport Infrastructure of Ukraine at the Present Stage», O. Dmytrieva «Transport Infrastructure as an Object of State Regulation». It is also worth noting the study of I. Trunina, K. Latyshev and M. Andrienko «Content and Definitional Load of the Concept of «Infrastructure’ in Relation to the Transport Market», and the work of T. Kolomoyets and D. Kremenova «Transport Infrastructure as a Component of the Terminology in the Legislation of Ukraine: Proposals for Enshrining», etc. Purpose of research is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine and doctrinal approaches regarding the definition of «transport infrastructure» with the aim of developing well-founded proposals for its effective regulatory establishment in domestic legislation. Article’s main body. The article provides a comprehensive critical analysis of doctrinal and regulatory approaches to defining the category of «transport infrastructure». The main components of transport infrastructure are identified, and various scholarly perspectives on its definition are examined. The article highlights the crucial role of transport infrastructure in the development of Ukraine's modern economy, with a particular emphasis on its impact on the socio-economic growth of the country. It is emphasized that transport infrastructure is a complex of construction and engineering structures, technical means, and equipment that ensure the efficient functioning of the transport system and facilitate the uninterrupted movement of goods, services, and passengers. It performs significant socio-political, economic, and cultural functions. The article establishes that existing regulatory approaches to the use of the term «transport infrastructure», as enshrined in domestic economic and legal legislation and doctrine, do not meet the requirements of Ukraine's current economic and technical development. In view of the trend toward the unification of Ukraine's transport legislation, it is proposed to establish a single, universal definition of «transport infrastructure» applicable to all modes of transport. The following definition is suggested: «Transport infrastructure is a system of engineering and auxiliary production facilities and technological solutions (including tools of the real and virtual world) aimed at ensuring the transportation process, the functioning of which is supported by socio-economic and organizational activities». Conclusions and prospects for the development. The normative approaches to defining the legal concept of "transport infrastructure" require coherence and unification of the mechanisms for economic and legal regulation of various types of transport. Considering the Euro-integration vector chosen by our society for development, institutional coordination with the transport legislation of other European Union countries is necessary. Adhering to uniform European standards will ensure the consolidation and unity of economic and legal regulation of relationships within the single European transport space. In this regard, the categorical and conceptual apparatus used in domestic regulatory acts should enable the unification of regulations governing the provision of transport services in the European transport market. This, in turn, will lead to an increase in the quality and safety of transport services provided by professional market players. At the same time, Ukraine, considering current trends in the development of European and global transport service markets, must start developing elements of transport infrastructure that ensure maximum safety in managing transport systems, as well as the use of transport infrastructure to introduce new high-tech vehicles into the transport space. Thus, the normative approaches regarding the use of the term "transport infrastructure," as established in domestic economic and legal legislation and doctrine, do not meet the needs of the modern economic and technical development of our country. Currently, given the trend towards the unification of transport legislation in Ukraine, it is advisable to establish a unified concept of "transport infrastructure" applicable to all types of transport, formulated as follows: it is a system of engineering and technical support, auxiliary production facilities, and technological solutions (including objects and phenomena from both the real and virtual worlds) aimed at ensuring the transportation process, with its functioning supported by socio-economic and organizational activities. Establishing such a definition of "transport infrastructure" will promote the development of all components of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of domestic economic law in the field of transport relations. Moreover, as technological processes develop, the domestic semantic field for the application of these categories and concepts can expand without limitations.

In 2010, sixteen years after it became a democracy, South Africa became the first African nation to host the Soccer World Cup. This paper explores the role that the music plays in constructing, imagining and managing the sound space of the World Cup, which markets South Africa to foreign spectators and local audiences alike. It begins with a consideration of persistent debates on the possibility of identifying a South African music, following by a consideration of the often exoticist, primitivist representations of that music perpetuated by the 2010 Soccer World Cup advertisements. It then considers the extent to which this primitivism, which actively undermines attempts to represent South Africa's preparedness for hosting the event, is counterbalanced by the sonic production of a normatively Western gender binary employed to demonstrate social and economic development. Finally, it will discuss the extent to which this rigid binary, reinforced in musical representations of South Africanness, makes invisible South Africa's rich history of gender queer performance, and raises the question of the effectiveness of the 2010 Soccer World Cup music and advertising in promoting a positive image of South Africa to the world and encouraging ordinary South Africans to support this event.

The FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup was hosted in June 2010 in South Africa. This achievement provided opportunities and benefits for South Africans as well as the African continent as a whole. The intention was to create unity and commitment amongst the nationals and by hosting the FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup, South Africa would also be able to bid for future mega events and open it’s doors to the world as a competing destination. The FIFA Soccer World Cup sporting events have dated as far back as 1930 when it was first held in Uruguay to the last FIFA Soccer World Cup event which was held in Germany 2006. As sporting events have in general, become a popular tourism attraction, it provides worldwide opportunities for the host country and has beneficial advantages for all those involved. South Africa hopes the FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup will stimulate much needed economic, social and development growth for the country. The FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup has taken place in various provinces throughout South Africa, the focus study for the research project will be the Western Cape, South Africa, specifically evaluating the impacts of hosting sporting events in terms of economic, social and environmental. (FIFA, 2007) Doubts existed that the progress of the FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup was not meeting the FIFA requirements and that South Africa would not be able to meet the milestones required in preparation for the event. Key questions raised in the project included:  Is FIFA setting out realistic goals regarding the work required for completion?  Is the Quality Assurance a priority in conjunction with meeting the required milestones? The goal of the research was to highlight the views and opinions of the local communities towards the preparation and impacts of the FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup. Industry personnel were consulted to provide practical and theoretical approach and submit their valuable input regarding the key questions, which we are then able to draw conclusions thereof.

In a global economy, the economic opportunities and economic success of a country or region are linked to the mobility of people and goods, with the intensive use of information and communication technology. The connection between the quantity and quality of transport infrastructure and the level of economic development is obvious. The transport sector plays an important role in today’s economy and society and has a major impact on the economy of a country or region. An efficient transport sector is a critical component of economic development. Certainly, the development of the country's transport sector is an indicator of its economic prosperity and success. Developed transport infrastructure and connected transport networks are positively correlated with a high level of economic development. When transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and social opportunities and benefits that result in positive effects such as better access to markets, employment and additional investment. When transport systems are underdeveloped and unreliable, they can cause economic costs such as reduced or missed market opportunities and lower quality of life. Assessment of the socio-economic efficiency of transport projects should be mandatory when making a decision regarding their implementation. Transport is the basis of trade infrastructure, it has a significant impact on the competitiveness of certain industries in countries and regions. Imperfections in the transport system negatively affect the efficiency of the economy as a whole. Conversely, the accelerated development of transport infrastructure and the improvement of transport and logistics systems can have a significant impact on economic growth and ultimately on the population well-being. The quality of transport services has a great impact on the quality of people lives. On average, 13.2% of the budget of each household is spent on transportation of goods and services. The transport sector significantly contributes to the economy of a country by providing jobs for a large number of people involved in vehicle production, traffic safety control, vehicle management, which enables safe and efficient movement of people and goods. In short, transport networks are the heart of the supply chain and the foundation of every country's economy. The transport sector also facilitates international trade. In the conditions of globalization, where no country can fully function in isolation from other countries, the transport sector is crucial for the development of trade. Without adequate transport infrastructure, national and international trade would be almost impossible, and developing countries would find it significantly more difficult to integrate into the global economy. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of the development of transport and transport systems for the economy at the national and global level.

The FIFA 2010 World Cup in South Africa was more than an occasion for the host country to make money, build new infrastructure or flaunt its economic prowess to the outside world. Dubbed as the ‘first ever football World Cup on African soil’, the event was also envisioned as an occasion to expunge negative stereotypes that have held back the continent for a long time while creating a positive image signalling the continent’s entry into the global community of nations. It is instructive to note that the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa was punctuated by discourses that cast aspersions on South Africa’s capability to organize such a complex mega-event. Some sections of the Western media predicted doom and gloom for South Africa, warning about crumbling stadiums and rampant crime, adding that FIFA needed to put in place ‘Plan B’ in case South Africa did not live up to her billing (Gibson, 2010). This Afro-pessimist sentiment was poignantly evident in the Daily Star, a British tabloid, which warned British fans about the possibility of them being caught up in a racial machete war in South Africa (Hughes, 2010). The newspaper further reported that machete-wielding gangs were roaming the streets in South Africa and prospects of a civil war in that country posed a threat to the World Cup.

This paper presents a case-study of spatial brand protection and media management and security strategies at the 2010 Football World Cup (FWC) in South Africa (RSA). This focus stems from the realisation that commercially designated event spaces are very important environments for the interests of FWC sponsors, and that the media has a pivotal role in conveying messages about desirable conduct in such environments. In these respects, stakeholder organisations are concerned about safeguarding core event spaces, and with promoting positive messages about the FWC via the media. The paper therefore investigates the interests of key stakeholders at the 2010 FWC: the event owner Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the FWC sponsors and the host city (Cape Town). It is concerned with identifying various surveillance strategies to manage public spaces at the FWC, albeit with a particular emphasis on protecting the interests of sponsors and their brand integrity. It is also concerned with strategies to manage the media at the FWC, with a particular emphasis on how FIFA stymies dissent and forces compliance among reporters and news outlets that undermine critical surveillance into these practices of spatial management. Taken together, these hyper-protectionist approaches demonstrate what we have described as the FIFA-isation of the FWC, where commercial risk is outsourced to the event host, while the commercial benefits flow back to the event owner. Concomitantly, FIFA makes enormous surveillance demands on the event hosts and those residing in the country and city where it is to be held, and upon the media that broadcast and report on the world’s biggest sport mega events.

The FIFA World Cup receives the largest media coverage on the global agenda and is always the subject of many discussions about globalization, cultural imperialism and nationalism (Jarvie, 2006). However, the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, according to the media reports, was unique because, for the first time, the tournament was hosted on ‘African soil’. This chapter focuses on the French and British press coverage of the 2010 Cup and investigates media representation of South Africa and Africa. Since South Africa was awarded the bid in 2004, there were growing concerns from the organizing committee about the Afro-pessimism of the European media, that is, the sense among Western news media that South Africa would not deliver a successful hosting because African countries are doomed to failure (Gibson, 2010a). This chapter explores this question of Afro-pessimism in the French and British media coverage of the Cup. I will argue that an Afro-pessimist ideology does underlie some of the French and British newspaper coverage of the World Cup. Yet, I will show that there are competing discourses between, and within, the different newspapers. Finally, I will investigate the consequences of South Africa’s successful hosting of the World Cup in terms of disrupting Afro-pessimism and interrupting widespread representations of Africa in the French and British media.KeywordsMedia CoverageSocial CritiqueSouth African ContextSouth African GovernmentStereotyped ImageThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This paper evaluates the economic impact of the $14 billion preparatory infrastructure investments for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. We use satellite data on night light luminosity at municipality and electoral district level as a proxy for economic activity, applying synthetic control methods for estimation. For the average World Cup municipality, we find significantly positive, short‐run effects before the tournament, corresponding to a reduction of unemployment by 1.3 percentage points. At the electoral district level, we reveal distinct effect heterogeneity, where especially investments in transport infrastructure are shown to have long‐lasting, positive effects, particularly in rural areas.

The taxation of individuals involved in cross border mega sports events is an international phenomenon which creates problems in the area of source- and residence-based taxation. The OECD Model Tax Convention provides that a sportsperson will be taxable in the source country where he participates. During the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup in South Africa, exemptions from income tax were enacted in favour of individuals within a so-called ‘tax-free bubble’ or designated geographical area. This exemption did not apply to the players. The 2012 London Olympic Games in the UK also granted tax exemptions to accredited individuals and those involved in broadcasting and performing at the opening ceremony. Sportspersons were permitted to participate in the London Olympic Games without incurring a liability for income tax. This article will compare the tax exemptions granted to individuals during the London 2012 Olympic Games to the exemptions granted during South Africa’s 2010 Soccer World Cup to determine possible suggestions for the improvement of the rules for the hosting of future mega sports events in South Africa.

Introduction. The article considers the state and prospects of development of transport and logistics systems in the region, which will help to accelerate cargo delivery, increase the competitiveness of transportation, improve the investment climate of the transport industry in the region, as well as expand the activities of companies providing comprehensive logistics services. The purpose of this article is a study of experience of using mechanisms of state regulation of development of regional structural transformations in agribusiness. Results. The basic principles of functioning of the transport and logistics system of the region, which integrate the transport industry into the transport and logistics systems of the country by ensuring their effective interaction, are highlighted; satisfy the needs of consumers of transport and logistics services by harmonizing their interests with the interests of all participants in the logistics process. The functions of the transport and logistics system that influence the efficiency of its activity at the regional level are revealed. Conclusions. The functioning of an advanced transport and logistics system, provided with adequate transport infrastructure in all regions of the country, will contribute to the development of many sectors of the economy and will serve as the basis for economic development of the country. In order to effectively develop the transport and logistics system of the regions, it is advisable to intensify the following areas: state regulation of logistics processes, including their legal support; creation and operation of transport infrastructure by type of activity; stimulating the development of logistics projects by region. The formation of high-quality transport and logistics systems in the region provides a full range of transport services, including multimodal transportation, the development of logistics schemes for freight, insurance, transportation security. Development of transport and logistics systems in the region can be ensured by updating the logistics base of transport; increased informatization; quality improvement and development of transport and logistics infrastructure of the region; expansion of the internal market of transport and logistics services; improving the efficiency of transportation; improvement of customs tariff and investment policy; the interaction of all participants in the supply chain; development and implementation of joint programs for the development of transport and logistics systems in the region. Key words: transport and logistics system; transport industry; region; logistic approach; transport; integration.

Risk-taking in sex work is related to financial gains from condom-protected and condomless-acts alongside vulnerabilities, including socio-economic factors, which influence the safety of sex workers. Large international sporting events have been shown to significantly impact the economies of host countries, but there is a dearth of studies that examine how major sporting events may affect the economics of sex work and the risks taken by sex workers and clients. This study examines the determinants of the price of commercial sex alongside the price premium for and correlates of, condomless sex before, during and after the 2010 world cup in South Africa. We analysed data from three phases of repeated cross-sectional surveys with sex workers. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to examine the predictors of condomless sex. We also fitted fixed-effect regression models to examine the determinants of the price of commercial sex across each survey phase. Findings suggest that the price of sex was higher during the world cup compared to before and after, whilst the price premium for condomless-sex increased from 36% before the world cup to 40% (p-value<0.001) and 57% (p-value<0.001) during and after the world cup, respectively. Across the survey phases, anal, oral or masturbation sex were more likely to be supplied without a condom compared to vaginal sex. The type of sex was the primary determinant of the price of sex across all phases. We show indicative evidence that the 2010 world cup was associated with an increase in the price of sex and supply of condomless-sex. Although these findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal relationships, we recommend that countries with substantial sex-worker populations that host major events should explicitly consider the context and structures of sex work, and promote client-focused safe-sex-interventions that explicitly consider the economic pressures faced by sex-workers to provide riskier acts, to minimise health impacts.

Risk-taking in sex work is related to financial gains from condom-protected and condomless-acts alongside vulnerabilities, including socio-economic factors, which influence the safety of sex workers. Large international sporting events have been shown to significantly impact the economies of host countries, but there is a dearth of studies that examine how major sporting events may affect the economics of sex work and the risks taken by sex workers and clients. This study examines the determinants of the price of commercial sex alongside the price premium for and correlates of, condomless sex before, during and after the 2010 world cup in South Africa. We analysed data from three phases of repeated cross-sectional surveys with sex workers. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to examine the predictors of condomless sex. We also fitted fixed-effect regression models to examine the determinants of the price of commercial sex across each survey phase. Findings suggest that the price of sex was higher during the world cup compared to before and after, whilst the price premium for condomless-sex increased from 36% before the world cup to 40% (p-value<0.001) and 57% (p-value<0.001) during and after the world cup, respectively. Across the survey phases, anal, oral or masturbation sex were more likely to be supplied without a condom compared to vaginal sex. The type of sex was the primary determinant of the price of sex across all phases. We show indicative evidence that the 2010 world cup was associated with an increase in the price of sex and supply of condomless-sex. Although these findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal relationships, we recommend that countries with substantial sex-worker populations that host major events shouldexplicitly consider the context and structures of sex work, and promote client-focused safe-sex-interventions that explicitly consider the economic pressures faced by sexworkers to provide riskier acts, to minimise health impacts.

The main and important element of infrastructure is transport, therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of public production, it is necessary to develop transport infrastructure, high-quality transport services in order to ensure the connectivity of the economic area. Currently, any country sets a goal – that is the formation of a modern highly efficient transport and logistics infrastructure. Transport needs to be viewed in a dynamic context in terms of its ability to contribute to the economy. The development of transport infrastructure is multidimensional, which depends on many factors. It has several directions, the evaluation of which requires a new approach to the development of new methods that would ensure the objectivity of research in modern conditions. The paper substantiates the need for effective interaction of railway, automobile, river and sea modes of transport in a balanced distribution of cargo flows, reducing transport costs in the price of goods, which will increase the competitiveness of domestic goods on the world market. The authors discuss the main trends in the development of foreign and domestic transport infrastructure. It is concluded that the development of transport infrastructure is possible due to the development, development of methods and methods of high-performance and efficient use of high-tech technologies, innovative forms and methods of organization, information, and digital technologies.

The article examines the processes, criteria and factors to ensure the quality of passenger transport services. Object of study - processes to ensure the quality of passenger transport services in the context of European integration of Ukraine. Purpose - a study of the world experience in the formation of the concept of quality of transport services, summarizing the main factors that affect the quality of transport services, as well as the main criteria affecting the qualitative characteristics of the services of the transport. Method study - generalization of fundamental works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists of economists is in the internal checking system, dialectical going, fundamental positions of economic theory, system-logical approach near research of the economic phenomena and processes. Satisfaction the needs of society and economy of passenger transport services depends on the quality and timeliness of those services. Questions of quality passenger transport services are interested in users of transport services, companies providing them. However, the requirements and the basic criteria for assessing the quality they are different. If the passenger transport enterprise interested in providing their services with minimal effort and money, the service users in their assessment pay attention not only on the cost of services, but also on transport safety, comfort, delivery time, etc.. The quality of the transport concept of integrated services, which is constantly being developed and improved. Global trends show that the quality of transport services must ensure the needs and expectations of consumers. Accordingly, it is increasing the importance of defining the qualities that affect the quality of service. Given the transient and dynamic nature of modern society and the lifestyle of the main consumers of the services the system factors and quality criteria must be flexible and dynamic to meet the industry's competitiveness on the European market of services. Awareness of the main criteria for assessing the quality of services will help to identify potential strengths and weaknesses. This will help improve not only the quality but also the process of enterprise management, industry, improve customer satisfaction of services received, will increase competitiveness. The results of the article can be inculcated in-process services of enterprises of a transport complex. KEYWORDS: QUALITY, TRANSPORT SERVICE. CRITERIA of QUALITY, TRANSPORT.