Abstract
Efficiency in the operation of distribution networks is one of the commonly recognised goals of the Smart Grid aspect. Novel approaches are needed to assess the level of energy loss and reliability in electricity distribution. Transmission of electricity in the power system is invariably accompanied by certain physical phenomena and random events causing losses. Identifying areas where excessive energy losses or excessive grid failure occur is a key element for energy companies in resource management. The study presented in the article is based on data obtained from distribution system operators concerning 41 distribution regions in Poland for a period of 5 years. The first part of the article presents an analysis of the distribution of values for the introduced energy density and energy losses in the lines of medium- and low-voltage networks and in transformers supplying the low-voltage network. The second part of the article presents the assessment of the network reliability of the same distribution regions based on analysis of the distributions of System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) and System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) values for planned and unplanned outages. Data analysis is performed by non-parametric methods by means of kernel estimators.
Highlights
Implementation of European Union provisions in the field of energy efficiency are focused on increasing energy security, counteracting climate change, and should have a positive impact on the economy through the development of the market for new services and innovative energy technologies [1]
The improvement in energy efficiency can be achieved in many ways, one of which is to reduce electricity losses in distribution grids [2,3], to construct smart micro-grids [4,5], to carry out a stochastic loss analysis approach for distribution systems [6], to assess reliability of renewable energy interfaced distribution system taking into account loss minimisation [7] or to integrate of wind power and energy storage with the bulk power system [8]
About 55% of energy losses in the distribution network occur in the lines of the LV and MV networks and in MV/LV transformers; analysis methods should be developed to improve the operation of these areas [2]
Summary
Implementation of European Union provisions in the field of energy efficiency are focused on increasing energy security, counteracting climate change, and should have a positive impact on the economy through the development of the market for new services and innovative energy technologies [1]. In the area between the analytical and statistical approaches, there are methods that combine elements of both computational techniques They constitute a practical compromise, often adequate to the current national realities of distribution systems, between the amount of input data needed for calculations and the accuracy of the results of power and energy losses [23,24,25]. These methods, which could be described as hybrid, use the information available in the energy reporting on energy flows through individual groups of distribution network elements and substitute network models. For one of the ways to effectively formulate and solve tasks related to the analysis of the power grid operation is non-parametric statistics methods, in particular the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) application
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