Abstract
Indonesia is the world largest producer of the red seaweeds Kappaphycus and Eucheuma; however, this country is facing significant challenges such as disease outbreaks, epiphyte infestations and a loss in seedling quality. Biosecurity practices have been widely adopted in other aquaculture sectors and when enforced can help to limit the introduction and spread of diseases and pests. To assess current capacity for biosecurity in seaweed aquaculture in Indonesia, a systematic analysis of policy frameworks including legislation, regulatory tools, and national standards was conducted. Biosecurity themes and risks were used to evaluate current national biosecurity content. The results identified major challenges faced by the industry in order to implement biosecurity policies in practice. Barriers to implementation included unspecific reference to the seaweed aquaculture sector, limited variety of approaches to biosecurity, limited use of up-to-date scientific evidence, insufficient guidance for the use of precaution and insufficient inclusion of specific biosecurity hazards. In general, although national regulations are currently under revision, current policies indicate a lack of clarity where biosecurity is included. Six recommendations are suggested to incorporate proactive biosecurity actions into current frameworks, with the aim of improving the health and sustainability of the seaweed aquaculture sector in Indonesia.
Highlights
IntroductionIn 2000–2001, the region of Kepulauan Seribu reported crop losses by diseases of up to 80%, with Lombok, South Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi reporting a 50% loss, and Kalimantan and Moluccas a 30% loss (Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries (MMAF-KKP) 2002; Yulianto 2004)
Seaweed aquaculture has been practiced for over five decades in Indonesia following the introduction of the red Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.J Appl Phycol (2020) 32:2147–2160 for seedling distribution (Ministerial Regulation No.217/PERDJPB/2017)
These documents included three national legislations/laws produced by the parliament/legislator, three government regulations that were issued by the President of the Republic of Indonesia and two ministerial regulations which were issued by the MMAF as the competent authority (CA) for aquaculture and fisheries in Indonesia
Summary
In 2000–2001, the region of Kepulauan Seribu reported crop losses by diseases of up to 80%, with Lombok, South Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi reporting a 50% loss, and Kalimantan and Moluccas a 30% loss (Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries (MMAF-KKP) 2002; Yulianto 2004). This outbreak has since continued and has led to a significant decline in several formerly productive areas in North Sulawesi, North Moluccas, South and East Kalimantan, West Papua and Gorontalo between 2011 and 2015 (Fitrian 2015; Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) 2017a). In addition to direct loss resulting from disease, the widespread practice of repetitive vegetative propagation has had an impact on seedling vigour, resulting in reduced crop quality, quantity and ability to resist diseases (Dawes et al 1993; Halling et al 2013; Yong et al 2014; Hayashi et al 2017; Reddy et al 2017; Hurtado et al 2019)
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