An Analysis of Child Labor and its Subjective Well-being: Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Cash Transfers and Gender Differentials in Child Schooling and Labor: Evidence from the Lesotho Child Grants Programme

In Nusa Tenggara Timur the appearance of child labour affected by the living environment and the household characteristic. The descriptive analysis showed that in 2011 there were 4,37 % child labour in NTT. The inference analysis showed the probability of children who live in urban area become a child labour was 0,56 times than who live in rural area, the probability of children who live in a region that there was school available become a child labour is 0,43 times than children who live in a region without school. Children with head of household work in formal sector had less probability become a child labour than children with head of household not working/work in informal sector, the probability was 0,47 times. Probability of children with head of household education highschool or above become a child labour 0,58 times than children with head of household education secondary school or less. Probability of children with head of household sex was male become a child labour 0,70 times then whose head of household sex was female. A boy have probability become a child labour 1,36 times than a girl. This result showed that living environment and household characteristics influence the appearance of child labour in NTT.

Labour has a significant influence in a country's national economy. When a nation's labour force is combined, it provides glory to the country. Therefore, the process of utilising a labour force must be streamlined and regulated in order to maximise the output. Any organization's HR management includes Labour Welfare and Safety Measure programs and procedures to achieving its objectives. This will eventually increase the organization's productivity. Employees’ attitudes reflect in their work commitment and in a same way work commitment replicates Job Satisfaction and companies’ profit. However, labour welfare should satiate the demands of work in addition to enhancing workers' quality of life and also help the company to run more effectively. By indirectly lessening the strain on their finances, it also raises the standard of living for workers. Automatically the Raising standard fulfils the needs of the workers, only then they can fully concentrate on Work and the related processes. Given this, labour welfare is crucial to the nation's industrial, economic, and social development. The current study emphasises the availability of specific labour and safety welfare measures in engineering and manufacturing firms in Tiruchirappallli District. 150 samples in total were gathered.

Schooling and Labor Market Impacts of Bolivia's <i>Bono Juancito Pinto</i> Program

Child labor is a pervasive issue around the world, especially in developing countries. It is a wide phenomenon issue in which many countries have a similar problem related to child labor. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors determining child labor in Aceh Province. The data used is the primary data of the National Social Economic Survey (SUSENAS) 2016 conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics. The dependent variable is children aged 10-17 years, while the independent variables are the educational level, the role of child as the head of the household, gender, residence area, single parent status, and age. The logistic regression model is used to describe the relationship between the independent variable (child labor and not child labor) with a number of explanatory variables. The result indicates that there is a relationship between child labor and all variables used in this model. Nonetheless, status as head of household and single parent woman are irrelevant as the significance value (α) is less than 5% by using the Wald Test Statistic. Thus, it is recommended to do some improvements in young people’s education system. Moreover, government policies that protect the human rights of child labors need to be done as a form of government intervention.

Labour Welfare Sector aim at improving the working conditions, maintenance of better Industrial relations, strict enforcement of Labour Laws and launching of welfare activities for the benefit of industrial workers and their families. Industrial progress depends on satisfied labour force and in this connection the importance of labour welfare measures was accepted long back. In India, a vast majority of the labour force is employed in unorganized sector employments. The unorganized/informal employment is characterized by its casual and self employed nature. The purpose of this article is to study identifies the method of labour welfare health and safety measures to extract perception and opinion of the employee with regard to their labour welfare health and safety measures.

India's labour force ranges from large numbers of illiterate workers to a sizeable pool of highly educated and skilled professionals. Labour welfare activities in India originated in 1837. They underwent notable changes during the ensuing years. This article is a description of these changes and the additions which were included over this period. On the whole, it paints a picture of the Indian Labour welfare scene. The 10 Five Year Plans have had a tremendous impact. Further, the Indian Planning Commission has laid down measures to enhance the welfare of workers in various areas such as child labour, bonded labour, female labour and occupational safety and health. Welfare work in India (broadly defined) is carried out by various government and non-government organisations of which the most important are National Government, State Government, Trade Unions, the Public Sector and Private Sector nongovernment organisations. Activities in this area include provision of housing facilities, education, occupational safety and health, prevention of child and bonded labour, and enhancement of working women's welfare. Private Sector welfare measures are of a similar nature. Notable companies taking initiatives in this regard are Tata and Larsen and Toubro. The article points out that the structure of a welfare state rests on its social security fabric. Government, employers and trade unions have done a lot to promote the betterment of workers' conditions. However, a great deal still needs to be done.

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rate of child labour in the world. An estimated one third of the region’s boys and girls aged 5-17 are believed to be ‘economically active’. These staggering figures have led to an international crusade to eliminate child labour globally, focusing on hazardous work because there is shared consensus among policymakers that it is a violation of human rights and a major impediment to human capital accumulation and therefore, stands in the way of sustainable economic growth in countries where it is found. One country in the region where this problem is particularly visible, and which has been heavily scrutinised by the ILO and implementation partners in particular for having high concentrations of what is referred to in the donor lexicon as Worst Forms of Child Labour (WFCL) is Ghana. A major focus of these assessments is artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), low-tech, labour-intensive mineral extraction and processing which, throughout Ghana and most other areas in sub-Saharan Africa, is mostly poverty-driven, providing employment to otherwise incomeless families. The campaign spearheaded by the ILO under the auspices of the WFCL agenda to eliminate child labour from ASM in Ghana and the wider sub-region builds a case around how young boys and girls carry out arduous work and are generally being exploited at sites. Recent research, however, has revealed that the child labour ‘problem’ in Ghana and rural sub-Saharan Africa more broadly is far more nuanced than has been diagnosed by donors. The ASM sector is no exception: research undertaken over the past decade has shown that the growth of its activities linked to a wider de-agrarianisation process – specifically the movement of rural families into the nonfarm economy, in response to the inability of agriculture to sustain, fully, their economic needs – to which the child labour ‘problem’ diagnosed is inextricably linked. Specifically, the ASM sector, being the region’s most important rural nonfarm activity, has become a popular ‘off farm’ destination for hundreds of thousands of families and other jobless masses. This movement has naturally contributed to the increased ‘presence’ of children at artisanal mines, where, contrary to the position of donors, work undertaken rarely extends beyond tasks similar to those carried out on family farms. The case of Ghana, the location of one of the largest and more dynamic ASM economies in sub-Saharan Africa, illustrates this very clearly. The aim of this thesis is to build on these observations by engaging more critically with the main debates on child labour with a view to articulating more comprehensively why children are pursuing ‘hazardous’ work in ASM camps across the region. It does this by analysing key policy documents, conducting observations and semi-structured interviews with policymakers, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community leaders, educators, parents and children. Together, these sources of information broach a rich range of issues for analysis and allow for the exploration and construction of broader discourses in connection with the main themes and theories of this research study. This thesis provides a more comprehensive picture of the child labour phenomenon in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Findings suggest that many of the so-called ‘exploited’ children in ASM are engaging in what ILO officials themselves would consider light work akin to the chores countless young African girls and boys perform on family farms; that children’s earnings are being used to alleviate the economic hardships of their households but that work is generally taking place outside of school hours and during school vacations; and that for some children, the sole motivation for working at mines is to generate sufficient money to pay for school fees. Overall, the research study informs debates on child labour, education and family hardship in the region, and arms policymakers with information to assist in their quests to tackle child labour and associated rural poverty – two priority issues identified in most of the region’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) and two central themes of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), namely Target 4.1 (‘By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes’) and Target 8.7 (‘Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms’).

BackgroundThe status of household headship accorded to the older members of the family is often symbolic and seldom vested with some control over resources. The increased dependency and diminished ability to contribute to household economy are major factors that lead to a decline in the respect accorded to older people and their status in the family. The present study aimed to understand the distinction between the functional and nominal household headship status of older adults based on their decision-making power and examine how it is associated with their subjective well-being.MethodThe present research used data from the 'Building a Knowledge Base on Population Aging in India' (BKPAI) which is nationally representative. The survey was conducted in 2011, across seven states of India. Descriptive statistics along with percentage distribution were calculated for subjective well-being over explanatory variables. For finding the association between subjective well-being over explanatory variables, binary logistic regression model was used.ResultsThe mean age of the study population was 68 years [CI: 67.8–68.2]. About 5 % of older adults had nominal while 95% had functional headship status. The prevalence of low subjective well-being (LSWB) was significantly higher among older adults with nominal headship status (58%) than functional headship status (23%). After controlling for several other variables, older adults with nominal headship status were 59% significantly more likely to have low subjective well-being than individuals with functional headship status (OR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.31). Further, older adults with psychological distress, chronic morbidity, poor self-reported health, no community involvement and no one to trust on were at higher risk of LSWB than their counterparts.ConclusionsFindings suggest that older adults who do not have a household headship with power with active participation in household decision-making as well as those who have no involvement in social activities or have poor health conditions need to be given more attention. Thus, to keep a large proportion of older population gainfully engaged, their care and support should be ensured via providing appropriate services that would enhance their roles and responsibilities and overall wellbeing.

BackgroundThe incidence of child labour, especially across developing nations, is of global concern. The use of children in employment in developing economies constitutes a major threat to the societies, and concerted efforts are made by the relevant stakeholders towards addressing some of the factors and issues responsible. Significant risk factors include socio-demographic and economic factors such as poverty, neglect, lack of adequate care, exposure of children to various grades of violence, parental education status, gender, place of residence, household size, residence type or size, wealth index, parental survivorship and household size. Egypt is the largest country in Africa by population. Although UNCIF 2017 reported that the worst forms of child labour in Egypt are concentrated in domestic work, forced begging and commercial sexual exploitation, the situation has received little attention. There are still very few studies initiated specifically to look at child labour in domestic service in Egypt and those that exist have been limited in the scope of their methodology. Geographical coverage and research for child labour in Egypt is also limited, as are accurate statistics and data. There was, therefore, a strong case for looking again at the domestic child labour phenomenon in Egypt, especially after the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) released the first data about child labour in Egypt in 2014. This study builds on the few findings of earlier work, and broadens coverage by including advanced methods and geographical effects of this problem.ObjectivesThis study focuses on identifying socio-demographic, economic and geospatial factors associated with child labour participation.MethodsWe used the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) from the Ministry of Health and Population in Egypt, with the record of 20,560 never-married children aged 5–17 years engaging in economic activities, in and out of their home. The data focused on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of household members. Multivariate Bayesian geo-additive models were employed to examine the demographical and socio-economic factors for children working less than 16 hrs; between 16 and less 45 hrs; and over 45 hrs weekly.ResultsThe results showed that at least 31.6% of the children in the age group from 5–10 were working, 68.5% of children aged 11–17 years were engaged in child labour for a wage, and 44.7% of the children in the age group from 5–10 were engaged in hazardous work. From the multivariate Bayesian geo-additive models, female children (with male children as reference category) working at least 16 hrs (OR: 1.3; with 95% CI: 1.2–1.5) were more likely to be engaged in child labour than girls working 16 to 45 hrs (OR: 1; 95% CI: 0.3–1.5). Children born to women without formal education, in non-hazardous jobs, irrespective of the hours spent at work, were more likely to be involved in child labour (52.9%, 56.8%, 62.4%) compared to children of mothers with some level of education. Finally, children who have experienced psychological aggression and physical punishment are more likely to be used as child labour than those without such experience across the job types and hours spent. North-eastern Egypt has a higher likelihood of child labour than most other regions, while children who live in the Delta are more engaged in hazardous work.ConclusionThis study revealed a significant influence of socio-demographic and economic factors on child labour and violence against children in Egypt. Poverty, neglect, lack of adequate care and exposure of children to various grades of violence are major drivers of child labour across the country. The spatial effect suggests the need to give more attention to some areas that have high rates of child labour, such as the Nile Delta, Upper Egypt, and North-eastern Egypt.

The edu-workscape: Re-conceptualizing the relationship between work and education in rural children’s lives in Sub-Saharan Africa

Educating the poorest and ideas of poverty

Child labour is a common financial coping strategy in poor households, especially in low-and middle-income countries with many children working under hazardous conditions. Little is known about the linkages between hazardous work conditions and psycho-social and educational outcomes. We analysed the Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (BMICS) round 6 to assess the association between the exposure variables, including child labour, hazardous child labour (HZCL) and hazardous work, and outcome variables, including psychosocial functioning difficulty and school dropout, in children aged 5 to 17 years. We conducted bivariable and multivariable analyses to examine the association. In the adjusted analyses, children engaged in HZCL had increased odds of psychosocial functioning difficulty (aOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.16-1.72) and school dropout (aOR: 5.65; 95% CI: 4.83-6.61) among 5-14-year-olds compared to children who did not engage in child labour and hazardous work. Other independent factors associated with psychosocial functioning difficulty and school dropout included being male, living in a deprived neighbourhood, being exposed to violent punishment, the caregiver's attitude towards physical punishment, the mother's functional difficulty and lower maternal education. The linkages between hazardous work and psychosocial functioning difficulty appear more prominent among children not in school. Further, the evidence on the relationship between hazardous work and school dropout is stronger among children with psychosocial functioning difficulty. Policies and programmes that target the most hazardous forms of work are likely to have the greatest benefits for children's mental health, social well-being and educational attainment.

Many recent household surveys include questions about respondents’ subjective well-being. Nearly all of them, however, pose these questions only to the household head. This paper addresses an issue with practical and methodological concerns. Can survey designers ask only household heads and expect them to accurately represent the living conditions of the entire household? Using South Africa’s 1998 October Household Survey (OHS) to estimate econometric models of subjective well-being, this paper finds that the response of household heads is determined largely by factors shared by the entire household – housing, for example – and not on those experienced primarily by the head – individual health status, for example. This suggests that South African household heads are truly reporting household well-being, rather than their individual level of satisfaction. While this result probably cannot be widely generalized, the testing methodology is replicable and could be applied to similarly structured data sets.

To address the pressing economic challenges faced by low-income households, cash transfer programmes have emerged as strategic policy interventions aimed at mitigating child labour. This paper has examined the impact of Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) on the child labour in Punjab, Pakistan, by using the latest data set of Punjab’s Child Labour Survey (PCLS 2019–20). Multinomial logistic regression is employed to assess the impact of cash transfers on child labour (hours) and the Fairlie Decomposition method is used to assess the inequality. The regression findings indicate that cash transfer programmes are not effective in reducing child labour. We then decompose the inequality to identify key contributing factors of child labour hours. The Fairlie decomposition analysis shows that beneficiaries of BISP (BENs) are more likely to engage in child labour as compare to non-beneficiaries of BISP (Non-BENs). Household wealth status, mother & household head’s education, child schooling and child’s age are the significant contributors in explaining the gap of child labour between the two groups of our study. Household Wealth accounts for 46.14% of the working hours gap between BENs and Non-BENs, indicating it as a one of the major contributors of child captivating to work. The child age accounts up to 43.51% of the gap between the two groups. The gap can be reduced up to 12.61% if the distribution of mother’s education of the non-BENs is identical to the BENs. Addressing these issues among children including the policy debate of BISP will require a sustained effort by the government, institutions, with a particular focus on awareness, socioeconomic circumstances of working children, lower education backgrounds of parents, and belonging to poor households and underdeveloped segments.