Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive mental illness characterized by memory loss and multiple cognitive impairments. In the last several decades, significant progress has been made in understanding basic biology, molecular mechanisms, and development of biomarkers and therapeutic drugs. Multiple cellular changes are implicated in the disease process including amyloid beta and phosphorylation of tau synaptic damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. Among these, amyloid beta is considered a major player in the disease process. Recent advancements in molecular biology revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered potential biomarkers in AD with a focus on amyloid beta. In this article we discussed several aspects of AD including its prevalence, classifications, risk factors, and amyloid species and their accumulation in subcellular compartments. This article also discusses the discovery and biogenesis of miRNAs and their relevance to AD. Today’s research continues to add to the wealth of miRNA data that has been accumulated, however, there still lacks clear-cut understanding of the physiological relevance of miRNAs to AD. MiRNAs appear to regulate translation of gene products in AD and other human diseases. However, the mechanism of how many of these miRNAs regulate both the 5′ and 3′UTR of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing is still being extrapolated. Hence, we still need more research on miRNAs and APP/amyloid beta formation in the progression and pathogenesis of AD.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive multifactorial neurodegenerative form of dementia
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and multiple cognitive impairments
Tremendous progress has been made in understanding basic biology, molecular mechanisms of disease and therapeutics, we still do not have non-invasive early detectable biomarkers and drugs that can delay and/or prevent disease process
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive multifactorial neurodegenerative form of dementia. AD was first discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by pioneer Alois Alzheimer who documented many patients sharing similar symptoms with similar deteriorations seen in the patients’ brain anatomy (Alzheimer et al, 1991). Due to the progressive degeneracy of the brain seen in this disease, AD is characterized by memory loss, numerous cognitive impairments, and changes in personality, thought, and behavior (Reddy et al, 2017). AD has MicroRNAs in Alzheimer’s Disease a substantial impact on one’s daily routine by affecting areas of the brain that control memory, executive cognition and visuospatial awareness. Personality, behavior, and language impairments tend to occur much later in the progression of AD. While AD greatly impacts patients, it poses a significant emotional and financial burden on the patients’ family members
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