Ampliación de la distribución del Cardenalito (<i>Spinus cucullatus</i>) en Colombia y primer registro en el departamento de La Guajira

In Colombia, increasing renewable energy generation requires a special emphasis on the department of La Guajira due to its world-class wind resources. According to the Mining-Energy Planning Unit (UPME), La Guajira is projected to have up to 45 wind farms by 2034, most located within the collective territory of the Wayuu Indigenous people. The authors of this report identify enabling factors of social acceptance of wind energy projects in this context and, more broadly, of a just energy transition in La Guajira. The findings represent insights gained from activities conducted during 2023, namely a workshop held by SEI and the University of La Guajira in the municipality of Uribia, La Guajira, with members of the Wayuu people and representatives of the municipal public sector. The research also included extensive fieldwork in communities surrounding wind farm locations and associated infrastructure, such as transmission lines, and a total of 45 semi-structured interviews with various relevant stakeholders, including developers, academia, civil society and the national and regional public sector. This report opens with the relevant context, including facets of the Colombian electricity sector, La Guajira department and the right to free, prior and informed consultation (FPIC). The authors then describe eight enabling factors of social acceptance of wind energy in La Guajira that they identified during the research, closing with their main conclusions.

The primary aim of this study was to develop a model of a socially inclusive climate risk insurance (CRI) mechanism based on the differential risk transfer approach. This study focused on the department of La Guajira, Colombia, as a case study. La Guajira is the department in Colombia that, due to its critical disaster risk conditions, presents the adequate configuration for implementing a climate risk transfer mechanism. The article starts by analyzing risk conditions by using secondary data. Based on fieldwork, this research explored the perspectives of the most vulnerable sectors in La Guajira Department on the socioeconomic impacts and needs they experience regarding climate-related hazards, their adaptive measures for risk reduction, and their willingness to adopt CRI. This represents the fundamental input for the formulation of the CRI model. Consequently, this research proposed an operational structure as input for future implementations of the model. The results indicate that national and local disaster risk management public policies align with the sectors’ needs and priorities. Strengthening sectoral associations can enhance representation in CRI projects. In-kind indemnization is preferred for women entrepreneurs and the indigenous community. The CRI model includes a risk pool through the family compensation fund of La Guajira as a sectoral agglomerator, with contingent credit and traditional/parametric insurance. The methodology developed in this study can be applied in different contexts worldwide as a guidance for informing national and international climate risk finance initiatives.

Occurrence of Eimeria spp. in Wayúu goat herds in the Municipality of Maicao, La Guajira, Colombia.

Heteromys anomalus is widely distributed along the Caribbean coast of South America and had been considered the only spiny pocket mouse present in Venezuela for several decades. Recent taxonomic studies in western Venezuela, however, have documented the presence of H. australis from the Cordillera de Merida and described H. oasicus from the Peninsula de Paraguana. Here, we revise the genus Heteromys in central and eastern Venezuela as well as in Trinidad and Tobago. Morphological comparisons with samples of H. anomalus from throughout its known range in Venezuela and with representatives of all other recognized species of the genus indicate the existence of a species new to science, which we describe as Heteromys catopterius (the Overlook Spiny Pocket Mouse). This species ranges from 350 to 2425 m in elevation in the Cordillera de la Costa in northern Venezuela, with the vast majority of records above ca. 700 m. In central and eastern Venezuela, H. anomalus is found in the surrounding lowlands an...

This study analyzes the levels of reading comprehension, both literal and inferential, in white mestizo children of 11 and 12 years of age from schools in the Department of La Guajira, Colombia. The results obtained in two types of texts are compared: artistic-recreational and techno-scientific. A sample of 106 children in 5th grade of elementary school, from 14 schools distributed in 5 zones of the department, were given 424 reading tests. The evaluation instruments were based on the approaches of authors such as Ramos Chagoya, De Zubiría, Martínez and Cuentas. The results reveal that the averages of literal comprehension in artistic-recreational texts are significantly higher than those of inferential comprehension in these texts. Similarly, a significant difference is observed in favor of literal comprehension in artistic-recreational texts compared to literal comprehension in techno-scientific texts. As for the comparison between literal and inferential comprehension in techno-scientific texts, no significant difference was found. However, a significant difference was found between literal comprehension of artistic-recreational texts and low literal comprehension in techno-scientific texts. In relation to the percentage of students who passed the reading comprehension tests, it was observed that this was higher in the cases of literal comprehension in both artistic-recreational and techno-scientific texts, compared to inferential comprehension in techno-scientific texts. The study shows significant gaps in the reading comprehension levels of mestizo children from La Guajira, according to the type of text and the level of comprehension (literal or inferential). These findings suggest the need to implement pedagogical strategies that strengthen inferential comprehension of texts, particularly in the scientific and technical fields.

Seagrass meadows are important ecosystems due to their high productivity and ecological value among tropical ecosystems, because of their high species diversity. In Colombia seagrasses are located around some islands, oceanic coral banks and along the Caribbean shelf, mainly in La Guajira Department, where more than 80% of the seagrass meadows of the country are present. In the world, the delimitation of this ecosystem has been successfully mapped during years, with assistance of remote sensing, using satellite image of different spatial scales. Nevertheless, the specific environmental conditions in La Guajira, such as high water turbidity and reduced light penetration restrict the use of traditional satellite images employed for those seascapes. With the aim of delimiting and establishing the extension of seagrass meadows in La Guajira, based on analyses between July 2013 and February 2014, a methodology of massive image interpretation that included fieldwork fast verification was applied, generating as a result one layer of seagrass habitats in Cabo de La Vela – Dibulla area at 1:100000 scale. Methodology included geometric correction, image fusion, fieldwork information, definition of thematic classes, determining of criteria for spatial delimitation, visual interpretation of images, thematic uncertainty qualification, and final cartography production. The process of cartographic production showed that Landsat 8 OLI satellite sensor images made easier the identification of seagrass meadows in deep areas (>10m). In total, 53621 ha of seagrass meadows were identified, and the largest meadows of Colombia were delimitated, which reach dimensions of up to 6018 ha.

The taxonomy of gray four-eyed opossums, genus Philander, from northern South America is reviewed by means of comparative morphological and morphometric analyses. Two hundred eighteen specimens belonging to the following geographic samples were used: P. opossum opossum from French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname; P. o. fuscogriseus from Central America and Colombia; P. andersoni from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela; P. opossum from the Orinoco River delta (Venezuela); P. opossum from western Venezuela and eastern Colombia; and P. opossum from central Venezuela. Results obtained allow us to describe 2 new Philander species, one of which occurs in the floodplains of the Orinoco River delta and Paria Gulf (Venezuela), and the other of which is distributed in lowlands and uplands at the northern border of the Guiana Shield in Venezuela, as

The region east and southeast of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, is one of the main passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener) production areas in the world. The area under cultivation has increased more than 8-fold in the last ten years (Dominguez 1986, Domfnguez et al. 1987). Increasing production has not been accompanied by sufficient pest management research. The arthropod fauna associated with the crop in Venezuela is not well known (Dominguez et al. 1987), with only a few reports of phytophagous insects and pollinators from central Venezuela (Haddad & Millan 1975, Brown & Fernandez 1984, Osuna 1984). There is no information on natural enemies of the pests attacking passion fruit. Without this basic knowledge, farmers may have no way of determining the pest status of any particular arthropod species, and development of an integrated pest management (IPM) program is difficult. With no IPM alternative, farmers must rely exclusively on pesticides to solve pest problems. Therefore, our objective was to initiate a faunistic survey involving identification of the most important phytophagous arthropods, natural enemies, and pollinators associated with passion fruit. Arthropods were sampled in 60 commercial passion fruit plantings east and southeast of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, between May, 1986, and May, 1990. These plantings varied between 1-15 ha in size and ranged from newly established to 4-5 yr old. Individual plantings were visited 1-16 times over the 4 yr period (46 plantings were visited once, 10 were visited twice, 3 were visited 3 times, and 1 planting was visited 16 times for a total of 91 visits). Visits took place throughout the entire year and at various times of day. During each visit, growers were questioned about entomological, disease, and agronomic conditions in the orchard, and their answers were recorded. First, observations of arthropods were made in any area identified as having an arthropod problem. Then, a random survey (at least 0.5 ha over a time span of 2 h) was made to assess arthropod levels in each orchard. During this random survey, feeding behavior of phytophagous species was observed directly and presence/absence or relative abundance of all arthropods was determined by visual inspection or sweep netting (40 cm in diameter, variable number of sweeps per orchard). Immature insects were collected and reared to adults in the laboratory for identification and to characterize parasitoid occurrence. Voucher specimens have been placed in the Museo Entomol6gico, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela. Twenty-eight phytophagous arthropod species were found on passion fruit (Table 1). Four major groups of pests attack the fruits and foliage of passion fruit. These groups are discussed briefly in order of decreasing pest impact. Three heliconiine caterpillar species, Dione juno (Cramer), Eueides isabella Menetries, and Agraulis vanillae (L.), were the most significant pests of passion fruit. Dione

Assessment of solar and wind energy potential in La Guajira, Colombia: Current status, and future prospects

This article is the product of the research Market study for the implementation of the free zone of Paraguachón corregimiento of the municipality of Maicao department of La Guajira Colombia. Specific objective: Identify the different companies and organizations that will be installed in the Free Zone. The methodology was field, transversal applied to 50 companies located in Maicao La Guajira Colombia that demonstrated their interest in settling in the free zone of Paraguachón, a questionnaire with closed questions was applied and the conclusions were that there is potential for companies to set up in this Free zone of Paraguachón border zone between Colombia and Venezuela. Recommendations It is suggested to the Department of La Guajira and the Municipality of Maicao the implementation of this free zone since in Colombia of the border zones it is the only one where it has not been implemented and would bring benefits for both countries and therefore in the municipality to where the free economic and border zone of Paraguachón is installed.

Carbones del Cerrejon Limited, a coal mining company located in the department of La Guajira, Colombia for more than 25 years has implemented the process of rehabilitating land used for mining once the operations are concluded, closing the mining cycle. The main objective was to characterize the edaphic properties in a chronosequence of land rehabilitation (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 years) and the control. Soil sampling was performed at depths of 0-3, 8-11, 16-19 and 24-27cm; with the following physical properties (bulk density, fine granulometry) and chemical properties (pH, electric conductivity, organic carbon, cationic exchange capacity, Phosphorus, interchangeable cations), following the Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute protocols. The results indicated that there are significant differences in the behavior of all edaphic parameters except Electric Conductivity. Additionally, it was found that most of the evaluated properties, after 20 years ago, presents conditions close to those of areas not intervened by the mining, giving indications of stability and new pedogenesis, that during the first years of rehabilitation was not possible to detect because of its high variability in the soil layer applied on the sterile rock dump (30cm). Based on this, we conclude that the properties of the rehabilitated soils under the model implemented, in semi-arid environmental conditions and without anthropic pressure, give indications of progressive evolution with similar quality to the undisturbed soils in the area.

The following study aimed to analyze environmental sustainability as a key practice adopted by salt mining companies to minimize environmental impacts. To achieve this, the main impacts generated by salt mining and environmental processes were identified, and the strategic guidelines employed by many companies to achieve environmental sustainability were analyzed. Based on this reasoning, the present research was conducted within a studied population located in the municipality of Manaure, in the department of La Guajira, Colombia. A descriptive, explanatory, and non-experimental research approach was applied. The findings revealed that the biophysical capacity of the soil in this region is affected by high salt concentrations, which contribute to limiting the diversity and density of vegetation. Therefore, it is concluded that mining companies must improve environmental sustainability in salt mining to minimize the environmental impacts generated by their industrial operations and achieve greater efficiency to increase revenue. This would benefit the environmental, economic, and social aspects of the department.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es Identificar el enfoque de la gestión de información para la vigilancia tecnológica en las empresas de energía solar fotovoltaica de uso residencial en el departamento de La Guajira, Colombia. Su fundamento teórico corresponde a Palop & Vicente (1999), Escorsa & Maspons (2001), Hidalgo, León & Pavón (2002), AENOR (2006), Castellanos (2007), en materia de vigilancia tecnológica; y Cepero (2010), Ponjuán (2011), Manso (2008), Rodríguez (2015), Suárez, Cruz & Pérez (2015) en cuanto a gestión de la información. Se considera una investigación descriptiva, diseño no experimental, transeccional; la población está constituida por 187 empresarios y profesionales relacionados con sistemas de energía solar fotovoltaica de La Guajira; la muestra seleccionada de manera probabilística aleatoria simple fue de 126 sujetos. La técnica de recolección de datos empleada fue la encuesta, y como instrumento un cuestionario de 60 ítems bajo una escala tipo Likert, con cinco alternativas de respuesta. Fue validado por 5 expertos y su confiabilidad calculada en 0.86 bajo el método alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados evidencian una moderada presencia de todos los indicadores correspondientes a la dimensión, relacionados con la gestión de información orientada a la toma de decisiones, el contenido y la tecnología. Con estos hallazgos se elabora la base diagnóstica que determina la formulación de la propuesta, permitiendo concluir que los lineamientos propuestos constituyen una estrategia efectiva para fortalecer la gestión de la información como apoyo a los procesos de adquisición tecnológica en sistemas de energía solar fotovoltaica de uso residencial.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the scientific development of public accountant graduates from the Universidad de La Guajira, in the exercise of their profession in the Department of La Guajira, Colombia. The methodological approach to the research was descriptive with a non-experimental cross-sectional design and quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 139 certified public accountants and 106 managers of companies where they work. The techniques and instruments used for data collection were a direct survey with 21 items using a Likert Scale. Graduates have developed measurement methods and accounting interpretation to optimize the financial information of the companies where they work, but they need to strengthen the design and application of valuation methods of representation and coordination, aggregation and accounting information, to facilitate business financial information. It was concluded that public accountants graduates of the University of La Guajira almost always have the analytical skills for the accounting processes but it was determined that they have not participated in scientific research which has generated scientific knowledge production, accounting theories, accounting strategic guidelines, contributions to the generally accepted accounting principles, or scientific articles.

This paper is based on a research that explores the relationship between coexistence and school peace as a fundamental basis for the quality of early childhood education in the Department of La Guajira, Colombia. The study, framed in a participatory action research methodology with a qualitative and quantitative approach, aimed to contribute to the formation of a culture of peace in children through the implementation of a program of school coexistence managers