Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a reliable and easily detectable reproductive marker for the fertility competence of many farm animal species. AMH is also a good predictor of superovulation in cattle, sheep, and mares. In this review, we have summarized the recent findings related to AMH and its predictive reliability related to fertility and superovulation in domestic animals, especially in cattle. We focused on: (1) the dynamics of AMH level from infancy to prepubescence as well as during puberty and adulthood; (2) AMH as a predictor of fertility; (3) the association between antral follicle count (AFC) and plasma AMH level; (4) AMH as a predictor of superovulation; and (5) factors affecting AMH levels in domestic animals, especially cattle. Many factors affect the circulatory levels of AMH when considering the plasma, like nutrition, activity of granulosa cells, disease state and endocrine disruptions during fetal life. Briefly, we concluded that AMH concentrations are static within individuals, and collection of a single dose of blood has become more popular in the field of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). It may act as a potential predictor of fertility, superovulation, and ovarian disorders in domestic animals. However, due to the limited research in domestic animals, this potential of AMH remains underutilized.
Highlights
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has a long history, but its presence was recognized after the mid-20th century
These facts highlight the importance of the relationship and reliability of both AMH and antral follicle count (AFC) as predictive reproductive biomarkers for the size of the reserve ovarian pool in age-matched cattle and mares, but it appears limited in sheep, and so more reports are required based on data derived at a larger scale
In assisted reproductive technologies (ART), both AMH and AFC were used as markers for superstimulation, but the response of superovulation was negatively correlated with the number of follicles and ova in cattle ovaries [49,83,84,85]
Summary
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has a long history, but its presence was recognized after the mid-20th century. AMH is secreted by ovarian granulosa cells of females (in women [4], cattle [5], and sheep [6]), when Müllerian ducts are no longer responsive to the hormone [7,8]. AMH is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family and is called Müllerian inhibiting substance/factor (MIS) [9]. It is a glycoprotein in nature, with a molecular weight of 140 kDa corresponding to 553–575 amino acids [10] and a half-life of 1.5 days [11]. This review mainly highlights the importance of AMH as a fertility and superovulation biomarker in domestic animal species, especially in cattle
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