American Psychological Association Applauds Congress for Passage of Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crime Prevention Act

Reference for Book Reviewed: Street, W.R. (1994). A chronology of noteworthy events in American psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychology Association. [Library of Congress card catalog number: BF108U5S77 1994. Copies: APA Order Department, PO Box 2710, Hyattsville, MD 20784. 425 pages. Hardbound.] Warren Street has compiled a thorough chronology of the history of American psychology in particular, and of psychology in general, covering key events from 427 BCE to the present. Street's book comprises an important resource that no psychologist should be without. Warren R. Street compiled a chronology of American psychology that covers the years from 427 BCE to 1993 CE. Between those dates inclusive are brief descriptions and exact dates of 2,827 noteworthy events in the history of psychology, with particular attention given to American psychology and the American Psychological Association (APA). (Street, 1994, p. vii) To say that Street's chronology is thorough would perhaps be an understatement. Street conducted the better part of his research effort at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, where he was able to access, find and peruse many original primary source documents. Street made every effort to include key dates and the events that happened on them. His sources included biographies, autobiographies, public archives, history texts, journal articles, biographical dictionaries, association archives, contemporary newspaper reports and correspondence with scholars. The key events listed include the dates of birth of psychologists (and of pertinent, earlier philosophers), the dates of publication of significant books, journal articles, and psychological tests, the passage of relevant Statutes by Congress and by the various State legislatures that have impacted psychology, relevant court decisions, key events in the histories of various psychology associations, including the APA, and many other events, and even dates when psychologists appeared on postage stamps (usually, the stamps of countries other than the United States). Street numbered each event, and, of course, placed them in chronological order. A few typical entries from early in the chronology read: Sept. 28, 1838. Darwin read Malthus' essay on population. May 10, 1848. American Association for the Advancement of Science founded Oct. 16, 1844. American Psychiatric Association founded. What unfolds from Street's chronology is a resource not unlike that of a good dictionary, thesaurus or other desk reference. If you wanted to know when a key piece of legislation was passed that impacted psychology, Street's book would be the first place to look. Likewise, if you wanted to know when a psychologist was born (or died), Street's book would likely have it listed. The dates that various States required licenses for practicing psychology are listed. As are the dates that various Divisions of APA came into being. The book also includes the dates that various associations merged with the APA. Beyond being an archive for dates and events, Street's book can also be used to gain a larger picture of the development of psychology. For instance, we may think of licensure as a national situation, without realizing that it occurred State by State, and not all at the same time. That is, while one State may have required a license to practice psychology, an adjacent State might not have had such a requirement. I found that this added perspective to the issue of licensing, especially insofar as it removed any preconception of it being something that always existed or which came into being nationally all at once. From Street's book I extracted the dates each state enacted certification or licensure for the practice of psychology. These are listed in Table I. As you can see, licensure did not happen all at once. The effort to bring either certification or licensure to all 50 states took over 30 years to accomplish. …

Ted Bosack is professor of psychology and chair of the department at Providence College. His teaching is in the areas of child development and experimental child psychology, and his areas of particular interest are children's memory and suggestibility and learned helplessness. He participated in founding the Council of Undergraduate Psychology Programs in 1988, was president of the New England Psychological Association (NEPA), and continues to work toward the goals of the National Forum on Psychology Partnerships Project in which he took part. Many years ago, as a graduate student, he worked with Lew Lipsitt gathering data from some of the newborns who are participants in Lipsitt's long-term longitudinal study. Lewis P. Lipsitt is professor emeritus of psychology, medical science, and human development at Brown University where he continues as research professor, directing a long-term longitudinal study begun at Brown in 1959. He was the founding director of Brown's Child Study Center from 1966 to 1991. He is the founder of the journal, Infant Behavior and Development, and of the Advances in Child Behavior and Development series. He currently coedits Advances in Infancy Research . Professor Lipsitt was chair of the steering committee, for 5 years, of the well-known National Child Care Project sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. He is codirector of the Lee Salk Center of KidsPeace, a national communications helpline for wayward and needy youth. A few of his many organizational honors include the presidencies of Eastern Psychological Association and of two American Psychological Association (APA) divisions, Developmental Psychology and General Psychology; Fellow status in APA and American Psychological Society; three terms on the APA Council of Representatives; chair of the APA Board of Scientific Affairs; and executive director of the Science Directorate. He has won the Nicholas Hobbs Award for “science in the service of children,” the American Association for the Advancement of Science Lifetime achievement Award, and the Distinguished Contribution Award of NEPA.

Hate crimes always take a toll on American citizens, which harms social security. It is essential for researchers to explore the factors, which lead to hate crimes. This research is to find out the relationship between hate crimes and factors including income inequality, median household income, race using Machine Learning methods. Machine Learning, as an important branch in Artificial Intelligence, is a good way for finding relationships between things. The research is based on a dataset of hate crimes rates in the 2016 U.S. presidential election as well as hate crimes rates in every U.S. state from 2010 to 2015. Simply linear regression and multiple linear regression are used to describe the factors that influence the crime rate and their contributions, such as share of white poverty or share of non-white residents, or the median household income. Then, K-means is applied to classify hate crimes into 5 levels according to the crime rate. Furthermore, KNearest Neighbors is used to demonstrate a prediction of hate crime. At last, a histogram is applied to indicate the variance of the hate crimes in different states. From linear regression, four highest correlation coefficients with a hate crime can be found out, which are income inequality, median household income, the share of noncitizen, and race in turn. Income inequality has the highest correlation coefficient with a hate crime. From multiple linear regression, it can be found out that only by implementing income inequality, median household income, and race can we obtain the highest R square values, which are 0.44 for 2010 to 2015 hate crimes and 0.33 for 2016 hate crimes. From the K-Nearest Neighbors method, hate crimes can be predicted with an accuracy of 40% by applying median household income. Adding the race factor, accuracy rises to 50%. In summary, income inequality, median household income, and race have a high impact on the crime rate. The median household income and the race could predict the crime rate with an accuracy of about 50%.

Michigan State UniversityBeginning with an observation about the neglect of the historyof racial and ethnic minority psychology in our mainstream pub-lications, this Guest Editor’s Introduction to the special issuemoves on to provide a overview of the contributors and their foci.The special issue consists of seven lead articles covering AfricanAmericans, American Indians, Asian Americans, Native Hawai-ians, Hispanic Americans, the American Psychological Associa-tion (APA) Minority Fellowship Program, and the APA Division45. Commentary articles are provided by two pioneers in the fieldand an historian. A rationale for the special issue, as well assuggestions for its use, is also provided.Any cursory review of the leading books about the history ofAmerican psychology will reveal that there has been little or nocoverage regarding the history of racial and ethnic minority psy-chology. Although it is true that the history of this special subfieldof psychology is somewhat shorter than that of mainstream Amer-ican psychology, there have also been important and significantdevelopments in the subfield during the last 5–6 decades. In orderto take advantage of the success of Cultural Diversity and EthnicMinority Psychology (CDEMP ) as the premier journal coveringissues related to racial and ethnic minority psychology, a specialissue focused on the History of Racial and Ethnic Minority Psy-chology was proposed and accepted.The purpose of the special issue is to provide a snapshot of thehistory and development of racial and ethnic minority psychologyin the United States. It will also attempt to link these historicaldescriptions to possible future developments in the field.Although some of this history has already been published indifferent outlets, much of this literature is scattered and oftendifficult to locate [e.g., Leong wrote a monograph on History ofAsian American Psychology for the Asian American Psychologi-cal Association (AAPA) in 1993, but this monograph is not widelycirculated nor readily available]. Therefore, this special issue willprovide a current and systematic treatment of the topic withinCDEMP , which will be readily available for future generations ofpsychologists.The major goal of the special issue is to document some of themajor accomplishments and challenges faced by racial/ethnic mi-nority psychology from an historical perspective (i.e., past 50–60years). The historical review covered by the special issue wouldprovide important lessons for psychology and for historians whoseek to analyze the development of this subfield of psychology. Assuch, this special issue should be of interest to scholars andscientists, as well as students of history and of racial and ethnicminority psychology.In order to provide a scholarly overview of the history of racialand ethnic minority psychology, some of the leading scholars inthe field were invited to prepare an article covering the significantpeople, events, and associations related to their specific racial andethnic minority groups. This resulted in four articles covering thefour major racial and ethnic minority groups, namely AfricanAmericans, American Indians, Asian Americans, and HispanicAmericans. There has been a tendency for the federal government,through it various departments and agencies, to lump Hawaiiansand Pacific Islanders in with Asian Americans for the sake ofconvenience, even though these groups share little in commonexcept their location in the Pacific Ocean. To counter this difficult-to-justify classification, a separate article on the history of NativeHawaiian psychology was included. In addition, the special issuewill also provide an historical overview to two other importantdevelopments in the history of racial and ethnic minority psychol-ogy, namely the APA Minority Fellowship Program and the APASociety for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues,Division 45.The article on African American psychology was written by Dr.Bertha Holliday, Senior Director of APA Office of Ethnic Minor-ity Affairs who had authored the History chapter in the Handbookof Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology (Bernal, Trimble, Bur-lew & Leong, 2003). The article about American Indian psychol-ogy was prepared by Dr. Joseph Trimble, Professor of Psychologyat Western Washington University and Past President of APADivision 45. Professor Trimble, a leading Native American psy-chologist was assisted by Dr. Mary Clearing-Sky, Odama mother,grandmother, and clinical psychologist who practices in FortMeade, South Dakota. Dr. Clearing-Sky is only one of a handful ofNative American clinical psychologists.The article on Asian American psychology was written by Dr.Frederick Leong, Professor of Psychology at Michigan State Uni-versityandPastPresidentofboththeAAPAandtheAPADivision45. He had authored the History monograph for AAPA which wasreproduced in the CD format in his Digital History Project for theAssociation. Dr. Sumie Okazaki, Associate Professor Psychologyat New York University, coauthored this article with Dr. Leongand both of them also prepared the History chapter in the Hand-book of Asian American Psychology (Leong, Inman, Ebreo, Yang,Kinoshita, & Fu, 2007) with E. J. R. David. The Hispanic Amer-ican article was authored by Dr. Amado Padilla, Professor ofEducation at Stanford University and one of the leading pioneersin Hispanic American issues in Psychology and Founder andEditorofthe HispanicJournalofBehavioralSciences. Dr.Esteban

The focus of this chapter is on the prevention of hate crime in rural areas. It examines the official hate crime statistics in the United States noting that, although it is well known that hate crimes are significantly under-represented in the official data, such statistics can nevertheless offer important insights relative to prevention. The chapter draws upon Levin and McDevitt's typology of hate crime offenders, and this is compared with data over three time periods from 1995 to 2017. This chapter considers what this means for the prevention of hate crime, especially in non-metropolitan communities, and incorporates results from a state-wide survey in West Virginia, United States, which found that community dynamics are significantly related to the risk and fear of hate crime and the fear of being attacked by strangers. The implications of this research are explored with regard to the prevention of hate crime in rural communities. This chapter is followed by a perspective on addressing hate crime in a small community in West Virginia, provided by a consultant and certified crime prevention specialist.

A Commentary on “The Rorschach and Violent Crime” (de Ruiter, 2021)

Framed against the long-standing dominance of quantitative methods in psychological science, this study examined contemporary publishing patterns for qualitative inquiry in American Psychological Association (APA) and Association for Psychological Science (APS) journals. We examined 19,012 publications across 95 APA and APS journals across four time points (2005, 2012, 2019, and 2022). The percentage of qualitative articles was determined using the methodology field value within APA PsycInfo, a process that we validated through a batch test. We also conducted a content analysis of journal mission statements and submission guidelines, and we made comparisons in light of journal impact factors. Our findings show a nearly threefold increase in qualitative publications accelerating over time from 2005 to 2022, albeit with wide variations depending on the type of journal. Qualitative-friendly journals were more likely to be published by APA, be specialty journals, be dedicated to diverse populations, and have lower impact factors. Conversely, qualitative research was less likely to be published in APS journals, core psychology journals, journals focused on general populations, and journals with higher impact factors (with some notable exceptions). We discuss these findings in terms of implications for the advancement of psychological science, including the discipline's need for development in qualitative training and expertise, its commitments to antiracism and anticolonialism, its fragmentation, and its equity in publishing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Hate crimes, which stem from prejudiced attitudes, have a distributionally detrimental impact on societal stability. Although inter-group contacts are potentially an effective means for reducing prejudice and subsequently decreasing the number of hate crimes, scholars have recently recognized the possibility of negative contacts that might actually amplify prejudice. As a result, the question of whether intergroup contacts truly possess the ability to effectively decrease hate crime numbers remains inconclusive. In addition, prior contact research primarily relies on laboratory experiments because the establishment of intergroup contacts in a field setting is challenging. Examination of the effectiveness of intergroup contacts hence merits further investigation in a real-world setting. In this article, we propose that ride-hailing services, which naturally connect individuals from different backgrounds, offer an avenue to facilitate intergroup contacts in practice, which could potentially reduce prejudice and the volume of hate crimes. Leveraging the staggered introduction of this technology into counties in the United States, we conducted a series of analyses to empirically evaluate the contact effects in the open field. Our analysis reveals a notable decrease in the number of hate crimes (particularly a 5.75% reduction in racial hate crimes) after the introduction of ride-hailing services. These findings remained consistent across various robustness tests. Additional moderation analysis suggests that the increased interaction between different groups, facilitated by ride-hailing services, is the most likely explanation for the observed decrease in hate crimes. We further conducted an extensive survey involving real ride-hailing drivers and passengers. The results from our survey provide direct evidence that ride-hailing services create natural and constructive environments where positive interactions and mutual understanding can develop among diverse groups of people. This, in turn, helps mitigate prejudice and hate crimes within society, as observed in our analysis. This study not only extends the existing body of literature on contact theory but also sheds light on how modern technologies can play a pivotal role in curtailing hate crime, yielding both theoretical and practical implications.

In this value dictum, or editorial farewell, the author says it has been a great honor to serve as the Editor-in-Chief (EIC) of American Psychologist (AP) for the past 6 years. The article is organized in four sections. The first looks at how the current editorial term fits within the mission and history of AP and describes significant changes enacted during this editorial era intended to further advance the scholarly impact of AP as a leading journal in the field of psychology. Second, the article is a record of the editorial metrics of the journal, noting our performance and accomplishments in terms of traditional measures of journal impact, such as number of submissions, editorial lag, and Impact Factors. This report serves as a historical record of the journal's publication activities. Third, this article provides ideas about how editorial processes and content reflected changes in psychology, publishing, the American Psychological Association (APA), and most importantly the broader social context in which we live. And, finally, the author concludes by expressing her deep appreciation to the many people who have contributed to the successes of AP throughout her editorial term. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The phenomenon of crime has become a situation that is seen in Turkey as well as in the world and that is desired to be prevented by various criminal sanctions, and at the same time, it has begun to be examined as a social problem in terms of dealing with environmental causes in committing crime. In this respect, the phenomenon of crime has also entered the field of interest of the social work discipline. When the literature is examined, it has been seen that violent incidents and crime rates have increased in Turkey in recent years, and hate speech and hate crimes targeting various groups have become increasingly widespread among these increasing phenomena. Hate crimes, which are based on prejudice and discrimination, have become an important, social and contemporary problem that needs to be tackled in terms of various disciplines and formations. Although social work practices in crime are generally included in rehabilitation services, social workers have a duty to prevent crime for social peace and trust. In this respect, in this study, first of all, definitions of hate speech and hate crime will be made, and the data on its place in the national literature and its visibility in the world and in Turkey will be mentioned, then to reveal the importance of multiculturalist social work and hate crimes, and it is aimed to develop suggestions for the prevention of hate crimes with a multiculturalist social work perspective. As a result, it is thought that multiculturalist social work, which adopts cultural sensitivity and respect for differences as a principle, and social workers trained with this perspective will contribute to the prevention of hate crimes. For this, it is recommended to add prejudice and anti-discrimination courses to all education programs, especially social work education programs, to establish multicultural awareness from the early period, and a multiculturalist perspective should be adopted by other institutions and organizations, especially the Ministry of Family and Social Services.

Hate crimes are crimes that are motivated by personal prejudice or bias. Hate-crime laws criminalise such conduct and allow for the imposition of aggravated penalties on convicted perpetrators. This article examines the historical, social and political factors which influenced the shaping and enactment of the first British hate-crime law. The South African context is also considered since the Department of Justice has recently released the Prevention and Combatting of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill for public commentary and input. While Britain has had a long historical record of criminal conduct that was motivated by the race and the ethnicity of victims, it was only in the twentieth century that civil society first drew attention to the problem of violent racist crimes. Nevertheless, successive British governments denied the problem of racist crimes and refused to consider the enactment of a hate-crime law. Following a high-profile racist murder and a governmental inquiry, a British Labour Party-led government eventually honoured its pre-election commitment and passed a hate-crime law in 1998. Some parallels are apparent between the British and the South African contexts. South Africa also has a long historical record of racially motivated hate crimes. Moreover, in the post-apartheid era there have been numerous reports of racist hate crimes and hate crimes against Black lesbian women and Black foreigners. Despite several appeals from the academic and non-governmental sectors for the enactment of a hate-crime law, and the circulation for public commentary of the Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, such a law has hitherto not been enacted in South Africa. This article posits that the enactment of a hate-crime law is a constitutional imperative in South Africa in terms of the right to equality and the right to freedom and security of the person. While the enactment of a hate-crime law in South Africa is recommended, it is conceded that enacting a hate-crime law will not eradicate criminal conduct motivated by prejudice and bias.

In October 2021, the American Psychological Association apologized to people of color in the United States for its role in systemic racism. Spurred by a national racial reckoning, Indigenous Peoples have been regularly incorporated into initiatives redressing America's legacy of racism. Although Indigenous Peoples have been racialized during the formation of the United States, this process is intertwined with colonization-the systematic dispossession and exploitation of Indigenous communities by Europeans. We first examine how the American Psychological Association (APA) has been complicit in colonialism by failing to oppose government policies that disenfranchise Indigenous communities, which it recently recognized in a separate apology to First Peoples in the United States in February 2023 (American Psychological Association, APA Indigenous Apology Work Group [APA IAWG], 2023). Second, we explore methods for APA to reconcile historical and contemporary wrongs inflicted on Indigenous Peoples through transitional justice, an approach to addressing human rights violations that seeks justice and opportunities for healing (United Nations, 2008). In particular, we consider the implications that Truth and Reconciliation Commissions have for Indigenous Peoples. Third, we provide recommendations for APA to repair relations with Indigenous Peoples in education, research, and practice. We specifically interrogate what possibilities for truth, reconciliation, and healing exist vis-à-vis transitional justice in psychology. We conclude with the potential that APA has to advance meaningful structural reforms while cautioning against superficial efforts towards reconciliation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Code of Medical Ethics recently published by the American Medical Association (AMA, Code of medical ethics. Chicago, IL: AMA, 2017) is meant for medical practice, generally, but it applies to work in psychiatry specifically, as well. The chapter examines in depth the AMA medical ethics code while offering commentary and applications toward the revision of the APA (American Psychological Association, American Psychologists, 57, 1060–1073, 2002; Ibid., Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, 2010; Ibid., American Psychologist, 71, 900, 2016) ethics code. The standards/opinions are described better in the AMA code relative to the APA code, and they are reviewed in this chapter of the book, with recommendations for their change noted. Moreover, the AMA ethics code qualifies the standards/opinions as must, should, or may ones, i.e., for the degree to which they are mandatory, or at least the code aims for this goal. The most notable contribution of the AMA medical ethics code to the present endeavor toward revising the APA ethics code is its inclusion of a section on patient rights. A major advantage of the AMA ethics code relative to any other in mental health is that it includes an extensive annotated bibliography for each of its standards/opinions.

Building on previous work in the metasciences, this article examines 69 eminent psychologists who helped make the United States a center of disciplinary activity. After measuring professional eminence (occupying the American Psychological Association presidency and posthumous reputation), creative output (using both citation indicators and a content analysis of titles), and career development (aspects of graduate training and institutional affiliations), along with essential control variables, the analyses (a) provide a sketch of the typical eminent American psychologist, (b) trace the historical trends in the general profile across 8 decades, and (c) identify some cognitive and behavioral factors underlying differential distinction. When the American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in 1892, psychology in the United States was mostly a provincial offshoot of European academic disciplines. Many of the most distinguished American psychologists, such as James McKeen Cattell, had studied abroad, and those who were more homegrown products, such as William James, looked largely to Europe for guidance and inspiration. \fet as we come to celebrate the centennial of APA, this modest image has dramatically transformed: American psychology may now represent the core tradition, with the top psychologists in the United States providing the exemplars for investigators throughout the world. This is not to make the ethnocentric claim that other psychological traditions are defunct or that all first-rate psychologists today are American, but only to point out that in the past 100 years American psychology has become such an independent force that all psychologists throughout the world have no Editor's Note. Dean Keith Simonton's article was an invited contribution to the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology to help recognize and celebrate the American Psychological Association's centennial anniversary. We are delighted to have such a fine piece mark the occasion. Over the course of the year we hope to have two or three more.—AT

A Blueprint for Genetic Determinism