Abstract
In this study, we observed disease progression, changes in the gut microbiota, and interactions among the brain, liver, pancreas, and intestine in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in addition to attempting to inhibit disease progression through the dietary supplementation of L-arginine and limonoids. Wild-type mice (WC) and AD mice were fed a normal diet (AC), a diet supplemented with L-arginine and limonoids (ALA), or a diet containing only limonoids (AL) for 12–64 weeks. The normal diet-fed WC and AC mice showed a decrease in the diversity of the gut microbiota, with an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and bacterial translocation. Considerable bacterial translocation to the pancreas and intense inflammation of the pancreas, liver, brain, and intestinal tissues were observed in the AC mice from alterations in the gut microbiota. The ALA diet or AL diet-fed mice showed increased diversity of the bacterial flora and suppressed oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in hepatocytes and pancreatic cells, bacterial translocation, and neurodegeneration of the brain. These findings suggest that L-arginine and limonoids help in maintaining the homeostasis of the gut microbiota, pancreas, liver, brain, and gut in AD mice.
Highlights
The 21st century is the century of the brain and mind (Joint statement of the G7/G8 summit by the G-Science Councils), with a need for understanding the brain, protecting it against disease, and developing global brain-related resources [1,2]
33.1..RCehsaunlgtses in the Gut Microbiota of Mice Treated with Limonoids and L-Arginine in a Mouse M3M.o1od.deClelohofafAnAgDeDs in the Gut Microbiota of Mice Treated with Limonoids and L-Arginine in a Mouse
The higher the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score, the more it is suggestive of bacterial biomarkers that are characteristic of the gut microbiota of AD control (AC), AL, AD mice fed limonoids + L-arginine (ALA), and Wild-type mice (WC) mice [42]
Summary
The 21st century is the century of the brain and mind (Joint statement of the G7/G8 summit by the G-Science Councils), with a need for understanding the brain, protecting it against disease, and developing global brain-related resources [1,2]. Brain diseases are a global challenge to individual health, well-being, economic productivity, and intellectual capital [3,4]. There are several types of dementia with various causes; Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common; approximately 50 million people globally have AD. AD is a specific neurodegenerative disease in which progressive nerve inflammation and damage lead to dementia. The pathogenesis of AD is known to be caused by other systems, genetic factors, cardiovascular health, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, smoking, traumatic brain injury, and immune dysfunction [15,16]. The interaction of multiple genetic risk factors and environmental factors contributes to the onset and progression of AD, and there is an urgent need for treatments. Administering medication to subjects at a high risk of developing the disease for an extended period is desirable before the onset of the disease, the side effects, duration of administration, and cost remain problematic; preventive medication that is inexpensive and safe for long-term prevention is essential
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