Ambivalensi Politik Digital: Algoritma, Gamifikasi, dan Polarisasi Generasi Z di TikTok

There is a paucity of literature examining the perceptions of Canadian pharmacists toward drug promotion by the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacist-industry interactions. To determine whether hospital pharmacists perceive their interactions with the pharmaceutical industry as influencing their clinical decision-making or that of their colleagues and whether hospital pharmacists perceive that interactions with the pharmaceutical industry create a conflict of interest. A cross-sectional survey of the complete sample of hospital pharmacists practising in 3 large health authorities in a single Canadian province was conducted from February to April 2010. A total of 224 responses were received from the approximately 480 pharmacists in the target health authorities (response rate approximately 47%). Fifty-eight percent of respondents (127/218) did not believe that information received at industry-sponsored events influenced their clinical decision-making. Most (142/163 [87%]) disagreed that small gifts influenced their clinical decision-making, whereas responses were divided for large gifts. Respondents were also divided on the issue of whether their interactions created conflicts of interest, with most of those who had received gifts agreeing that large gifts would create a conflict of interest (134/163 [82%]) whereas small gifts would not (100/163 [61%]). There were positive correlations between respondents' beliefs about their own susceptibility to influence from sponsored events or receipt of small or large gifts and the susceptibility of others, but 22% of respondents (28/127) expressed a different perception about sponsored events, all believing themselves to be less influenced than their colleagues. Only 6% (4/64) of those who received large gifts and 4% (5/142) of those who received small gifts and felt they were not influenced by these gifts reported that it was likely others would be influenced by the receipt of such gifts. Most hospital pharmacists who responded to this survey had attended industry-sponsored events, and the majority felt that it did not influence their clinical decision-making, despite recognition that the information received is unbalanced. Respondents were divided on the notion of whether these interactions led to conflicts of interest. Respondents generally felt that large and small gifts had different effects on influence and conflict of interest.

The spermatophore transferred by male decorated crickets ( Gryllodes sigillatus ) includes a large gelatinous mass, the spermatophylax, that is consumed by the female after mating. This nuptial gift preoccupies the female while sperm are discharged from the remaining portion of the spermatophore, the sperm ampulla, into her reproductive tract. There is considerable variation in the mass of the spermatophylax, and about half of all males produce spermatophylaxes that are too small to ensure complete sperm transfer. We tested two hypotheses concerning the maintenance of this variation: (i) males trade–off investment in spermatophylaxes against copulation frequency; and (ii) males synthesize the largest spermatophylaxes of which they are physiologically capable. Males synthesizing large and small food gifts were permitted multiple mating opportunities with the same females, and allozyme markers were used to establish the paternity of offspring. There was a significant advantage to those males that mated first irrespective of gift size. This advantage probably arose, in part, because the sperm of first males would have had exclusive access to female9s eggs during the first 24 hours of oviposition, and underscores the benefits of matings with virgin females. The paternity of ‘small–gift’ males increased with gift mass, but there was no such increase in ‘large–gift’ males. This difference probably stems from the relationship between gift mass and sperm transfer: most of the gifts of the large–gift males would have been above the threshold needed to achieve complete inseminations, whereas those of small–gift males would have been below the threshold. Within mating–order positions, there was no significant difference in the paternity of large–gift and small–gift males, a result seemingly consistent with the ‘trade–off’ hypothesis. However, there was no correlation between spermatophylax mass and male mating frequency, so that the mechanism by which small–gift males offset their fertilization disadvantage remains unknown.

Hidden Persuaders: Do Small Gifts Lubricate Business Negotiations?

Hidden Persuaders: Do Small Gifts Lubricate Business Negotiations?

This study reports data from a field experiment that was nconducted to investigate the relevance of gift-exchange for charitable ngiving. Roughly 10,000 solicitation letters were sent to potential donors nin the experiment. One third of the letters contained no gift, one third ncontained a small gift and one third contained a large gift. Whether a npotential donor received a letter with or without a gift was randomly ndetermined. We observe strong and systematic effects from including gifts. nCompared to the no gift condition, the relative frequency of donations nincreased by 17 percent if a small gift was included and by 75 percent for na large gift. Consequently, including gifts was highly profitable for the ncharitable organization. The contribution of this paper is twofold: first, nit shows that reciprocity is an important motive for charitable giving, in naddition to the warm-glow motive. Second, the paper confirms the economic nrelevance of reciprocity by using field data. This extends the current body nof research on reciprocity, which is almost exclusively confined to nlaboratory studies.

Objectives—To study the attitudes of health care staff in four postcommunist countries towards taking gifts from their clients—and their confessed experience of actually taking such gifts. Design—Survey questionnaire administered to...

Two experiments were carried out to explore an anger-reducing strategy based on Brehm's emotional intensity theory. According to this theory, anger can be reduced indirectly by interfering with the feeling of anger rather than by dealing directly with the source of anger. One strategy involves providing the angered person with a reason for feeling happy. We predicted that anger intensity would be reduced not only by a large reason for feeling happy, such as a large gift, but also by a small reason, like a tiny gift. A medium-size gift was expected to maintain anger at approximately its instigated level. Both experiments instigated anger by personal insult and then measured the intensity of felt anger and retaliation after either no further treatment, or a small, a moderate, or large irrelevant gift was presented. The results for felt anger and retaliation confirmed our theoretical expectations.

The principal is responsible for the successful implementation of education by carrying out school administration with all of its substance, besides that the principal is responsible for the quality of existing resources so that they are able to carry out their duties in accordance with their respective duties and functions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to 1) find out the initial preparation, planning, implementation, and evaluation of supervision by the principal in improving the performance of high school teachers in Bandar Lampung; and 2) Knowing the obstacles and solutions to the implementation of high school teacher supervision in Bandar Lampung. This research is a field research with a qualitative approach. The research was conducted at SMAN 2 Bandar Lampung and SMA Al-Azhar 3 Bandar Lampung. The principal acts as research informant, while the vice principal, teachers and staff act as research subjects. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis process is based on the Miles & Hubberman model with 4 stages, namely Data Collection, Data Reduction, Data Presentation, and Conclusion Drawing. Data verification uses source triangulation and methodological triangulation techniques. Based on the results of the research, the clinical supervision program at SMAN 2 Bandar Lampung and SMA Al-Azhar 3 Bandar Lampung has been implemented properly, the principal has made plans, compiled programs and implemented clinical supervision programs. The program planned by the school principal in carrying out clinical supervision is weekly, monthly and semesterly.

Political parties play a crucial role in shaping public policy in democratic systems, influencing the governance structure and decision-making processes. In Indonesia, political parties are essential intermediaries between the state and society, bridging the gap between government institutions and the public's aspirations. This study aims to explore the role of political parties in the formulation of public policies from the perspective of Political Systems Theory. Specifically, it seeks to examine how political parties contribute to policy development, the extent of their influence, and the mechanisms through which they interact with other stakeholders. Using a qualitative research approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with key political figures, party representatives, and policy experts, complemented by document analysis. The findings indicate that political parties in Indonesia serve as key actors in the policy formation process, though their effectiveness varies based on their alignment with government coalitions and their capacity to mobilize public support. The study also reveals that political systems theory provides a useful framework for understanding the dynamic interactions between political parties, governmental institutions, and the broader society, emphasizing the feedback loops and adaptive mechanisms that drive policy evolution. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the political landscape in Indonesia and the critical role that political parties play in shaping public policy.

The primary purpose of this article is to identify and describe political polarization in Armenia, the factors that have contributed to its development and modes of its manifestation. To this end, on the one hand, we seek to understand the nature, scale, and causes of polarization, including using the methods of content analysis and public surveys, and, on the other hand, with the help of in-depth interviews, to understand the positions of the ruling and opposition parties regarding this phenomenon. In-depth interviews also help us understand the (lack of) readiness, intention and resources among the Armenian political parties to overcome political split and polarization. The article also explains the actual and potential role of foreign and international organizations in supporting the institutionalization of political parties and overcoming political polarization. Our findings suggest support for the correlation between polarization and democratic decline, particulalry due to decline of trust, mutual securitization of poles that normalizes each others' illebaeral treatment and partisan willingness of voters to tolerate wrongdoings of the party they support.

This study aims to determine the forms of political participation of Arab ethnic groups in the 2024 Palembang Mayoral and Deputy Mayoral Elections and the role of collective identity in driving their involvement. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were obtained through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation in several Arab community areas, such as Kampung Al-Munawar, Assegaf, and Kuto. Thematic analysis was conducted based on multicultural citizenship theory to explore the relationship between identity and political participation. The results show that Arab ethnic participation is not only manifested in the exercise of voting rights but also through activities in religious assemblies that serve as arenas for political discussion. Involvement in political parties is beginning to emerge, especially among the younger generation, although it remains individualistic. Political support tends to be based on shared religious values and emotional closeness to candidates, rather than work programs. In conclusion, collective identity and political rights are the main foundations of Arab ethnic political participation, but need to be strengthened in aspects of formal and organized participation. Encouragement for the younger generation to be more active and build ongoing communication with local political actors is needed.

This study aims to describe the implementation of Islamic character education at MTsN 1 Bandar Lampung and analyze its role in overcoming students' moral decadence. It uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collected through in-depth interviews with five respondents. The focus of the interviews was on five key aspects: the implementation of character education, the core values instilled, the effectiveness of the program, challenges faced, and suggestions for improvement. The study finds that Islamic character education at MTsN 1 Bandar Lampung is integrated through the habituation of worship, the application of Islamic values-based discipline, teacher examples, the integration of character education materials into the curriculum, and the support of counseling services. The five key character values emphasized are honesty, discipline, responsibility, social care, and politeness. The program is considered quite effective in reducing disciplinary violations and enhancing students' moral awareness. However, the program faces challenges, such as the influence of social media, peer pressure, limited learning time, and insufficient teacher training. These challenges hinder the full potential of the program, but despite these barriers, it has still managed to positively impact the students' moral development. The study concludes that Islamic character education can significantly contribute to addressing moral decadence among students, though continuous efforts to address challenges are necessary to further improve its impact.

How does elite polarization impact citizens' political support? While elite polarization generally has a negative connotation, we argue that it is crucial to distinguish its potential manifestations. The present study analyzes the impact of perceived elite polarization on political support by disentangling the effects of elite incivility from those of ideological polarization, and, additionally, by analyzing different dimensions of ideological polarization (i.e., along a general left-right, economic, and cultural dimension). Using survey data from the Dutch Parliamentary Election Survey 2021, we find that perceived incivility has a negative impact on political support. In contrast, perceived left-right polarization and economic issue polarization have a positive effect on political support, while cultural polarization has no effect. These findings show that elite polarization can convey both perceptions of conflict and choice to citizens, and that its impact on political support crucially depends on the dimension of polarization under study. Our study thereby refines our knowledge of the attitudinal consequences of elite polarization.

This chapter discusses the decline of political parties as a possible cause of the decline of legitimacy. Political parties constitute a link between the citizens and the political system, and therefore a loss of support could delegitimize the political system. However, the decline of political parties can only cause legitimacy decline if they are indeed in decline and if there is a causal relationship between citizens’ involvement in political parties and political support. The chapter argues that empirical evidence for party decline is limited, as parties may have undergone transformation rather than decline. Using ESS data from 2002 to 2010, the chapter finds only weak relations between political support and party membership and party closeness. However, being close to a particular party is more important than being a member of a political party, and is interpreted as a sign that the party system facilitates citizens in making meaningful political choices.

The existence of a superior class in madrasah is an institution that is specifically designed and developed systematically, adequate facilities / infrastructure, curriculum, qualified teaching and education staff, and so on. The existence of a superior class can increase the competitiveness of madrasas and the bargaining position of madrasas as superior madrasas will be even stronger. To increase the competitiveness of these madrasas as superior madrasas, it is necessary to properly manage quality learning. This article discusses planning, organizing, implementing, evaluating and the implications of quality learning in superior classes at MTsN 2 Bandar Lampung and at MTsN 2 Tanggamus. This research is a field research, using a qualitative approach with a multisite study design. Data collection techniques using in-depth interviews, observation and documentation. descriptive data analysis techniques with the Analysis Interactive Model. The results of the study, learning in superior classes at MTsN 2 Model Bandar Lampung and MTsN Model Talang Padang are designed through planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating middle input through superior processes based on the spirit of spiritual learning that can strengthen the learning system. The implications of managing quality learning in superior classes at MTsN 2 Bandar Lampung and at MTsN 2 Tanggamus are: The establishment of an integrated learning system and the establishment of teacher standardization.