Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are spiking in Chinese young men who have sex with men (MSM). To explore alterations in the salivary microbiome and its correlation with demographic characteristics, CD4+ T cell count and viral load (VL) in HIV infections, samples of unstimulated whole saliva were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform in 20 HIV newly infected patients before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and at three and six months after, and in 20 age- and gender-paired healthy Chinese people. The results showed that the alpha diversity of salivary microbiota in HIV infections did not show differences from the healthy controls, but was reduced after six months under ART treatment. Comparative analysis revealed that Streptococcus was enriched in HIV-infected individuals, while Neisseria was enriched in the healthy control group. After effective ART, the salivary microbiota composition was not completely restored, although some microbiota recovered. In addition, we found Provotella_7, Neisseria and Haemophilus were correlated negatively with CD4+ T cell count, while Neisseria was correlated positively with VL. We conclude that HIV infections experience a dysbiosis of the salivary microbiome. The salivary microbiome test could be a substitute for the blood tests in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases.
Highlights
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a major global public health issue
In the current study we aimed to investigate the impact of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the salivary microbiome, and the possible relationship of the salivary microbiome with the CD4+ T cell count and the viral load (VL) in serum
Twenty HIV-infected young Chinese men newly diagnosed within one year and before ART were enrolled in our study
Summary
HIV continues to be a major global public health issue. At the end of 2019, the World HealthOrganization (WHO) reported that there were nearly 38 million HIV-infected patients, of which1.7 million newly infected patients were diagnosed and 690,000 people died from HIV-related diseases in 2019 globally [1]. HIV continues to be a major global public health issue. Organization (WHO) reported that there were nearly 38 million HIV-infected patients, of which. 1.7 million newly infected patients were diagnosed and 690,000 people died from HIV-related diseases in 2019 globally [1]. HIV infections have surged among young Chinese MSM, and the proportion of MSM living with HIV has risen sharply according to a new survey of the risk factors assessment of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among different groups of Chinese people [2]. As a result of immune impairment induced by HIV, opportunistic oral infections (oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, linear gingival erythema, etc.) are present in 30–80% of patients living with HIV [3,4]. Diverse studies have revealed that after infection with HIV, both the immune system and the saliva microbiome experience
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