ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY AS A MANAGERIAL INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE RICE PRODUCTIVITY IN KUPANG REGENCY

One of the food crops that was widely cultivated by the community was lowland rice. Food security was a superior commodity where lowland rice was the icon. The objectives of this research was to determine the use of production factors in optimizing rice based on output effects through farming inputs and to determine production factors in the economic efficiency of rice farming. The research used production function analysis Cobb Douglas and Marginal Product Value. The production factor data analysis method used multiple regression analysis with software SPSS 25 while Marginal Product Value (NPM) used Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). The results of the research showed that production factors that could influence the input of rice farming consist of fertilizer and seeds, where each time more input was used for the part needed, the farmer's income in planting period 1 was higher than planting period 2. Lowland rice farming in Sungai Dua Village, District Rambutan Banyuasin Regency in shallow swampy areas, after Marginal Product Value analysis was carried out, the planting season for both period 1 and period 2 was declared inefficient. Farming inputs that were not yet optimal in shallow swampy areas consist of fertilizer and seeds. The seeds used by Inpara 2 were suitable for swampy land but were still used excessively, while fertilizer was an increase in nutrients for the soil and plants but the use was still small due to farmers' limited capital. limited. F-hit >F- tab in each stratum with a confidence level of 95% in each stratum, it was stated that the independent variables together have a significant effect on the dependent variable. Intensification of plant maintenance was given more attention by increasing the use of labor to support increased output and maximum income.

This study analysed the resource use efficiency among the insured and non-insured sugarcane farms in Kallakurichi district in Tamil Nadu, India. The research aimed to inform policy decisions and extension programs for improving productivity and sustainability in the sugarcane sector. Multistage Purposive sampling method was used by which 120 farmers (60 insured and 60 non-insured) were selected from Rishivandiyam and Thirukovillur block. Cobb-Douglas Production function was used to calculate the resource use efficiency using the ratio of Marginal Value Product (MVP) to Marginal Factor Cost (MFC) for various inputs. Results showed that for insured farmers variables such as Nitrogen fertiliser, human labour and machine labour significantly and positively influenced the yield. For non-insured farmers, human labour, nitrogen and phosphorus had significant positive effects on yield. The R2 values were 0.70 and 0.75 for insured and non insured farmers respectively. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed differences between insured and non insured farmers. Insured farmers underutilised farm yard manure and machine labour while over utilizing other inputs. Non-insured farmers only underutilised machine labour and over utilising all other inputs. The study concludes that crop insurance influences the input allocation decisions highlighting inefficiencies in resource use among both groups. These findings specify the need for targeted interventions to enhance the resource use efficiency in sugarcane cultivation. Optimizing input utilization could improve the sector's resilience, sustainability, and competitiveness that supports the India's food security and sustainable agricultural development goals. The research also provides a foundation for further studies into factors influencing resource use efficiency and the potential role of precision agriculture in promoting sustainable farming practices.

The Economic Value of Dairy Herd improvement Information in a Sample of Midwestern Dairy Farms

Financial technology (Fintech) is a technological innovation developed in the financial sector so that financial transactions can be carried out practically, easily, and effectively. The progress of fintech in the field of money lending services has given rise to many applications/services based on peer-to-peer lending or online loans (pinjol). Based on the National Survey of Financial Literacy and Inclusion conducted by OJK in 2019, the financial literacy index reached 38.03%. However, 21 out of 34 provinces in Indonesia still have financial literacy levels below the average, with the lowest 3 provinces being: 1) East Nusa Tenggara (27.82%); 2) West Papua (28.87%); and 3) Papua (29.13%). Besides that there is a very high inequality when compared to the province which has the highest level of financial literacy, namely Jakarta (59.16%). NTT is also included as one of Indonesia’s 3T regions (the outermost, the frontmost, and the lagging). This study aims to examine efforts to increase financial literacy and its relation to online lending trends in East Nusa Tenggara. The study used qualitative methods, with data collection sourced from interviews, observations, and literature studies. Based on the research results, OJK has made efforts to improve financial literacy as well as to eradicate illegal online loans, which have been carried out in a planned, measurable, achievement-oriented, sustainable, and collaborative manner, one of which is demonstrated or manifested in the implementation of the Regional Investment Alert Task Force (SWID). However, the implementation of improving financial literacy needs to be continued and improved, especially in terms of the number of activities, socialization of activities that have been implemented, and improving coordination with other stakeholders. Keywords: fintech, peer-to-peer lending, online loan, illegal, financial literacy

Financial Technology (Fintech) is a technological innovation developed in the financial sector so that financial transactions can be carried out practically, easily, and effectively. The progress of fintech in the field of money lending services has given rise to many applications/services based on peer-to-peer lending or online loans (pinjol). Based on the National Survey of Financial Literacy and Inclusion conducted by OJK in 2019, the financial literacy index reached 38.03%. However, 21 out of 34 provinces in Indonesia still have financial literacy levels below the average, with the lowest 3 provinces being: 1) East Nusa Tenggara (27.82%); 2) West Papua (28.87%); and 3) Papua (29.13%), besides that there is a very high inequality when compared to the province which has the highest level of financial literacy, namely Jakarta (59.16%). NTT is also included as one of Indonesia’s 3T regions (The Outermost, The Frontmost, and The Lagging). This study aims to examine efforts to increase financial literacy and its relation to online lending trends in East Nusa Tenggara. The study used qualitative methods with data collection sourced from interviews, observations, and literature studies. Based on the research results, OJK has made efforts to improve financial literacy as well as to eradicate illegal online loans, which have been carried out in a planned, measurable, achievement-oriented, sustainable, and collaborative manner, one of which is demonstrated or manifested in the implementation of the Regional Investment Alert Task Force (SWID). However, the implementation of improving financial literacy needs to be continued and improved, especially in terms of the number of activities, socialization of activities that have been implemented, and improving coordination with other stakeholders. Keywords: fintech, peer-to-peer lending, online loan, illegal, financial literacy

Consider an economy subject to two kinds of shocks: (a) an observable shock to the relative demand for final goods which causes dispersion in relative prices, and (b) shocks, unobservable by workers, to the technology for transforming intermediate goods into final goods. A worker in a particular intermediate goods industry knows that the unobserved price of his output is determined by (1) the technological shock that determines which final goods industry uses his output intensively and (2) the price of the final good that uses his output intensively. When there is very little relative price dispersion among final goods, then it doesn't matter which final goods industry uses the worker's output. Thus the technological shock is of very little importance in creating uncertainty about the worker's marginal product when there is little dispersion of relative prices. Hence an increase in the dispersion of relative prices amplifies the effect of technological uncertainty on a worker's marginal value product. We consider a model of optimal labor contracts in a situation where the workers have less information than the firm about their marginal value product. A relative price shock of the type described above increases the uncertainty which workers have about their marginal value product. We show that with an optimal asymmetric information employment contract the industries which are adversely affected by the relative price shock will contract more than they would under complete information (i.e., where workers could observe their marginal value product). On the other hand the industry which is favorably affected by the relative price shock will - not expand by more than would be the case under complete information. Hence an observed relative demand shock, which would leave aggregate employment unchanged under complete information, will cause aggregate employment to fall under asymmetric information about the technological shock.

Abstract: Purpose: This study discusses the influence of financial behavior, financial literacy, and macroeconomics on stock investment decision-making in East Nusa Tenggara. Research Methodology: This research is associative research with a quantitative approach. Distributing questionnaires to 225 investors who were used as research samples collected research data. The data obtained were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Partially or simultaneously independent variables affect the dependent variable in the form of investment decisions positively and significantly. Only financial literacy does not have a significant influence on investment decisions Limitations: This research was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic, where everything that was done in this research was done without meeting directly with the informants. In addition, the variables studied in this study are dynamic and complex in which the results and thoughts can change at any time according to existing conditions. Contribution: This research becomes scientific information about investor behavior in making investment decisions specifically in the East Nusa Tenggara region. Keywords: 1. Behavioral Finance 2. Financial Literacy 3. Macroeconomics 4. Investment Decisions

The study conducted in 2024 aimed to analyse the efficiency of resource utilisation and the marginal value productivity (MVP) of inputs in potato farming across three prominent districts of Haryana–Sonipat, Karnal, and Kurukshetra. A sample of 120 farmers cultivating potatoes was chosen through convenience sampling. To evaluate the impact of various inputs on yield variation, the Cobb-Douglas production function was applied to estimate the respective regression coefficients. Marginal Value Productivities were derived and compared with Marginal Factor Cost (MFC), taken as unity due to monetary standardisation of variables. The results revealed that seed and manure & fertilizers were significantly underutilised in all districts, indicating potential for increased productivity through better input management. In contrast, human labour and irrigation were overutilized, often yielding negative MVPs, suggesting inefficiencies in labour deployment and water use. Mechanization, reflected through machine labour, was also found to be underutilized across all districts, indicating the need for greater adoption of efficient farm machinery. The overall coefficients indicated decreasing returns to scale, underscoring the need for balanced and efficient resource allocation. The findings provide actionable insights into optimizing input use to improve farm-level productivity and profitability in potato cultivation in Haryana.

Professor Fellner distinguishes three basic adjustments under bilateral monopoly: 1) If the buyer dominates the relationship, he will equate his marginal value product (marginal product times the price of the product) with a function that is marginal to the seller's marginal cost.2 This adjustment is shown in Figure 1, where the function marginal to the seller's marginal cost is designated by the symbol MMC, and MVP represents the buyer's marginal value product. Since the buyer is dominant, he establishes a price along the seller's marginal cost curve, (MC in Figure 1), the result in this instance being the price Q2P2. The quantity exchanged is represented by the segment OQ2 . 2) If the seller dominates the relationship, he will equate his marginal cost and a function that is marginal to the buyer's marginal value product.3 This latter function is represented by the symbol MMVP in Figure 1. Since the seller is dominant, he will select a price along the buyer's marginal value product curve. The appropriate price in the example represented in Figure 1 is represented by Q1P1, and the quantity exchanged by OQ1. 3) If the firms are presumably of more equal strength, they will exchange the quantity that will maximize joint profits (marginal costs equated with marginal value product) at a price determined by their relative skill and power.4 The final price will lie within the limits of the average cost and average value product functions (designated by AC and AVP respectively in Figure 1), or within the range P3 P4 shown in Figure 1. These adjustments require that at least one of the entrepreneurs (the leader) have knowledge of the pertinent functions in both firms. If the seller is dominant, he chooses a price that is most favorable to him in light of the buyer's revenue functions, and under the assumption that the buyer may purchase any quantity he wishes at the price established by the seller. It is because the weaker entrepreneur, the buyer, has the power to equate his marginal value product and

The primary aim of the study was to determine if there is a significant difference in the resource-use efficiency of sugarcane production between block farm members and cooperative members, using data from 216 farmers in Kiblawan and Hagonoy. A descriptive-comparative research design was utilized from December 2024 to February 2025. Data was analyzed using Frequency Distribution, Mean, Net Profit Margin, Cobb-Douglas production function, Marginal Value Productivity, and Resource Use Efficiency. The majority of respondents were between 52 and 67 years old, male, and almost all were married, having attained tertiary education. They dedicate their entire landholding to sugarcane farming. All the farmers have been in sugarcane production for 5 years or more, while 68.50% are members of the sugarcane farmer cooperative, and all of them have undergone training related to sugarcane production. Farmers who are members of sugarcane cooperatives spend more on labor costs per hectare than their counterparts from block farms. Even with a higher cost of production, cooperative members still reported a slightly higher net income, with a Net Profit Margin of 0.18. Consequently, the benefit-cost ratio is also higher for farmers who are members of the cooperative, at 0.23. All the variables associated with sugarcane production for cooperative member farms are overutilized, and output can be increased by reducing the units of inputs. On the other hand, for farmers under the block farm system, there is a mix of underutilization and overutilization of variables. Labor, land preparation, and transportation costs were underutilized, while the other expenses associated with sugarcane production were overutilized. To increase the efficiency of sugarcane production under block farms, it is necessary to optimize the use of inputs for labor, land preparation, and transportation costs, thereby maximizing productivity while minimizing the overutilization of resources such as machinery and equipment, fertilizers, and pesticides.

North Sinai farming community is facing many challenges such as increasing drought and salinity in water and soil, poor quality soils, a long hot summer with high solar radiation; in addition to poor experience of settled farmers and local Bedouins in improving traditional agriculture and animal productivity under saline conditions. The main objective of the study is to establish the efficiency of resource use in millet production among smallholder farmers in North Sinai region. Using a multi-stage random sampling procedure in selecting farmers interviewed. A structured questionnaire was administered to 60 smallholder farmers selected for analysis; the farmers were divided into two groups based on ownership and use of animals on the farm, and used a model to evaluate efficiency of the two groups. In this model, a Cobb-Douglas production function was fitted for the cross- sectional data generated from the survey. The ratio of marginal value product (MVP) to marginal factor cost (MFC) for all inputs was found to be greater than unity among all groups of farmers implying under-utilization of resources. Millet farmers were found to experience increasing returns to scale, meaning use of additional inputs in millet production would result in higher yields. The null hypothesis, which stated that smallholder farmers in North Sinai region are not allocating their farm resources efficiently in millet production, was tested and rejected at 5% level of significance. It was therefore concluded that millet farmers in North Sinai region were sub-optimally allocating resources in their production system.

Financial literacy initiatives are essential for enhancing public knowledge about financial matters. Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) play a crucial role in most economies, especially in developing countries. This study investigates the effect of MSE financial literacy on the adoption of financial products and services on Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara. Despite the significant growth of SMEs on the island, their understanding of financial inclusion, particularly regarding banking products and services, remains limited. This study employs a quantitative descriptive approach, utilizing a simple random sampling method and multiple regression analysis. The findings reveal a positive correlation between financial literacy and the adoption of banking products and services by MSE"s. Improved financial literacy among MSEs leads to greater utilization of banking products and services. However, challenges such as limited personal financial knowledge, inadequate financial management, and time constraints for acquiring comprehensive financial management skills hinder the expansion of small and medium businesses. The implications of this study underscore the importance of implementing information dissemination and training programs to enhance financial literacy and promote the inclusion of financial products and services among small and medium enterprises on Sumba Island. Keywords: Inclusion, Financial Literacy, Financial Knowledge, Financial Behavior, Financial Attitude

Irrigated agriculture has remained an integral part of Nigeria’s agricultural development strategies aimed at accelerating economic growth and preventing the country from severe food crisis. This paper analysed the economics of dry season maize production in Kaduna metropolis. Field surveys were conducted through purposive sampling technique, in which three different locations known for dry season maize production in Kaduna metropolis were selected. Data were collected from thirty farmers with the aid of structured questionnaire. Data collected covered farm size, quantities and prices of inputs, crop yield and constraints faced by the farmers. Cobb-Douglas production function was chosen as the lead equation which gave the best fit estimate of input-output relationship. Results revealed that an R2 of .77; f- ratio of 12.00 at 0 .01percent significance level were obtained. All variable inputs captured in the function had positive regression co-efficients. Elasticity of production (€) of farm size and fertilizer were less than unity. The € for irrigation water and labour were greater than unity and significant at 0 .1 level. The marginal value product (MVP) of fertilizer was N100.50. Irrigation and labour hours had positive MVPs of N60.50 and N61.10/manhours respectively. High cost of fertilizer constituted the major problem to farmers. The study recommended provision of inputs and micro-finance at affordable rates to the farmers by banks. Key words: Economic analysis, dry season, maize production

Abstract: Purpose: Research objectives: the effect of input factors for lowland rice farming production, and technical efficiency, allocative, and economic use of lowland rice farming inputs. Method: The population is 908 farmers and the sample is taken using Sugiart's calculation, which obtained 51 samples by determining the sample by simple random sampling. Multiple linear regression analysis with Cobb-Douglas production function, technical efficiency analysis with DEA ??approach, allocation efficiency analysis and economic efficiency analysis. Results: 1) land area production factor, phonska fertilizer and KCL fertilizer significantly affect rice farming production, 2) technical efficiency value of 0.856, 3) allocative efficiency value of 2.72, 4) economic efficiency value of 2.32 . Conclusions: Lowland rice farming is not efficient in terms of technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and economic efficiency. Keywords: 1. economic efficiency 2. allocative efficiency 3. technical efficiency 4. rice

Financial literacy has become a global trend and the need for individuals to take responsibility for their finances. Still, financial literacy and financial management have not yet become a course in some universities, especially Timor University, which lies in the border area of Indonesia-Timor Leste (BAITL). Economic literacy and student financial management levels need to be analyzed because they relate to expenditure, income, credit, savings, and investments. This study aimed to evaluate financial literacy level and personal financial management level among college students in BAITL. This research includes quantitative descriptive analysis. Data was collected using a questionnaire from 165 undergraduate college students in the mathematics education department of a public university in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia. The results showed that the total average level of student financial literacy (SFL) was 67.48%. The comprehensive middle student personal finance management (SPFM) is 57.34%, and the estimated result of the linear regression model is SPFM = 3.158 + 0.338SFL. These results were significant at a degree of freedom of 163 and Alpha 5% of the t-test results. From the study results, it can conclude that the personal financial management of students of mathematics education is still low. The level of financial literacy of students in the border area includes less literate. If the SFL is a fixed value, then each increase in SFL of 1 unit will increase SPFM 0.338.