Algal extract and calcium nanoparticle applications improve growth and quality traits in green cabbage

By offering biostimulants as substitutes for conventional chemical fertilization, increasing consumer awareness has helped to raise issues related to food safety and the environment. Creating a suitable plan for the deployment of conventional chemical fertilization alternatives in agriculture. So, this investigation was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq to study the effect of two plant biostimulants, algae extract (Algaton-20) and plant bio-cozyme, on broccoli which was under greenhouse conditions. After two weeks from transplanting the biostimulants were applied through soil at different concentrations (0 ml.L-1, 1ml.L-1 and 2 ml.L-1). The experiment was laid out according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that algae extract and bio-cozyme at 2 ml.L-1 gave the maximum number lateral head, lateral head weight, plant yield, total marketable yield, phosphorus and iron. The interaction effect of algae extracts and bio-cozyme showed that number of leaves per plant and head diameter at 1 ml.L-1 algae extract and bio-cozyme, percentage of dry matter at 1 ml.L-1 algae extract without bio-cozyme, content of chlorophyll in leaves and number lateral head at 1 ml.L-1 algae extract and 2 ml.L-1 bio-cozyme, and head diameter at 1 ml.L-1 of both algae extract and bio-cozyme were the best. Also, main head weight, lateral head weight, plant yield, total marketable yield and iron (674.46 g, 208.58 g, 883.04 g, 42.05 ton.ha-1, 5.36 ppm, respectively) were the highest at 2 ml.L-1 combination of the two biostimulants. Moreover, nitrate and potassium (134.67 ppm, 336.13 ppm, respectively) were maximum at 2 ml.L-1 algae extract and 1 ml.L-1 bio-cozyme. Individually, 2 ml.L-1 of the two biostimulants were the best concentrations, but there was no a big difference between 1 and 2 ml.L-1 of the two biostimulants when they interacted together in most study measurements.
 

Purpose: Cabbage is important fresh vegetable crop in most of the countries of the world. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. cv. Atlas-70) as influenced by organic and inorganic fertilizers, and mulching. Research methods: The experiment comprised of two different factors such as, factor-A; four different types of fertilizers viz. F0 (control, no fertilizer), F1 (vermicompost), F2 (inorganic fertilizer), and F3 (mixed of organic and inorganic fertilizer) and factor-B; types of mulches viz. M0 (control, no mulch), M1 (water hyacinth), M2 (rice straw), M3 (black polythene). This two factors experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Findings: Significant variation was found among the treatments. Result showed F3M3 (combination organic and inorganic fertilizer with black polythene) had the highest growth (plant height, stem length, root length, number of roots etc.) and yield (105.93 t/ha) in cabbage. The yield was 63.92% higher from the combined effect of fertilizer and mulch as black polythene (F3M3) compared to control (F0M0). So, mineral fertilizer and vermicompost with black polythene had the best performance considering the growth and yield of cabbage. Research limitations: Evaluation of different ratios of organic and inorganic fertilizers with mulching could have better outcome or findings of this work. Originality/Value: Combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers with black polythene as mulch have showed the highest growth and yield outcome of cabbage compared to other treatments combinations.This work has the opportunity to reduce the application of inorganic fertilizer to improve the soil health and environment in long run.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf juice extract as a foliar fertilizer and synthetic fertilizer on the growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) in Namalombwe Camp, Chilanga District, Lusaka. The research aims to provide a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional synthetic fertilizers. Given the rising costs and environ- mental concerns associated with synthetic fertilizers, Moringa leaf extract is investigated for its potential to enhance cabbage growth, yield, and quality. The experimental design involves randomized complete block design (RCBD) with cabbage plants treated with different concentrations of Moringa leaf extract, synthetic fertilizers, and a control group. Key growth parameters such as plant height, leaf count, and head weight are measured throughout the study. Data are analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, with statistical significance determined through one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlations. The study highlights the importance of sustainable agricultural practices, aiming to reduce the dependence on synthetic fertilizers while ensuring optimal cabbage production. The findings are expected to contribute to the adoption of organic fertilizers and growth promoters in Zambian agriculture, promoting both food security and environmental conservation.

A 2 year trial was conducted with 15 cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) varieties from diverse origins in the greenhouse conditions (southern Iran) to study genetic variation and to identify genetically distant parents to be involved in a hybrid seed production as well as to identify the most effective components of grain yield. However, the potential of identifying genetically distant parents depends on genetic diversity of population. The varieties were cultivated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications for 2 years (2004 - 2006 seasons). Characters such as, yield and number of fruits in surface unit (m 2 ), yield in cold season, diameter and length of stem, length and diameter of fruit were evaluated analyzed for 2 years. Compound variance analysis showed that there were significant differences ( Cucumis sativus L.) varieties from diverse origins in the greenhouse conditions (southern Iran) to study genetic variation and to identify genetically distant parents to be involved in a hybrid seed production as well as to identify the most effective components of grain yield. However, the potential of identifying genetically distant parents depends on genetic diversity of population. The varieties were cultivated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications for 2 years (2004 - 2006 seasons). Characters such as, yield and number of fruits in surface unit (m 2 ), yield in cold season, diameter and length of stem, length and diameter of fruit were evaluated analyzed for 2 years. Compound variance analysis showed that there were significant differences ( Cucumis sativus L.) varieties from diverse origins in the greenhouse conditions (southern Iran) to study genetic variation and to identify genetically distant parents to be involved in a hybrid seed production as well as to identify the most effective components of grain yield. However, the potential of identifying genetically distant parents depends on genetic diversity of population. The varieties were cultivated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications for 2 years (2004 - 2006 seasons). Characters such as, yield and number of fruits in surface unit (m 2 ), yield in cold season, diameter and length of stem, length and diameter of fruit were evaluated analyzed for 2 years. Compound variance analysis showed that there were significant differences (
= 0.01) in yield between varieties at 2 years and the highest yield (23.81 kg/m 2 ) was obtained for E3215516 variety. Correlation analysis of varietal means showed that the highest correlation (0.932) was observed between number of fruits (NOF) and yield, and the least (0.01) between diameter of stem (DOS) and length of fruit (LOF). Based on factor analysis, 3 components were identified, explaining 77.5% of observed variation. Factor 1 (yield factor) accounting for about 45% of the variation, was strongly associated with yield, yield in cold season and number of fruits. Factor 2 (source factor) accounting for about 18% of the variation, consisted of stem related components including diameter of stem (DOS) and length of stem (LOS). Factor 3 (sink factor) accounting for about 15% of the total variation, associated with length and diameter of fruit (LOF and DOF). Using cluster analysis, the lines were classified into 2 distinct classes A and B. Class B contained lines from different origins.

The study was conducted at the Abu Ghraib Research Station - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar during the growing season of 2024 to investigate the effect of adding zeolite at levels of (0, 150, 250, 350 g plant-1) and spraying with sorbitol at levels of (0, 8, 16, 32 g L-1) on the growth and yield of cauliflower. A factorial experiment was carried out according to a randomized completely block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The results indicated significant differences upon adding zeolite. Treatment with 350 grams plant-1 showed superiority in plant height (70.79 cm), leaf number (29.05 leaves plant-1), total leaf area (262.9 cm2 plant-1), stem diameter (31.06 mm), dry weight of the total green matter (275.5 grams plant-1), dry weight of the total roots (64.58 grams plant-1) respectively, flower disc diameter (22.570 cm), flower disc circumference (71.08 cm), yield plant-1 (2.690 kg plant-1), and total yield of flower discs (80.68 tons per hectare), compared to the lowest values in the control treatment. As for the interaction between the study factors, the treatment with 350 grams of zeolite plant-1 and spraying with 32 grams of sorbitol liter-1 showed significant superiority in all vegetative growth and yield traits. Plant height was 73.20 cm, total leaf area was 299.5 cm2 plant-1, stem diameter was 35.85 mm, dry weight of total green matter was 340.0 grams plant-1, dry weight of total roots was 76.33 grams plant-1, flower disc circumference was 76.08 cm, flower disc diameter was 24.167 cm, yield plant-1 was 3.123 kg plant-1, and total yield of flower discs was 93.43 tons ha-1 respectively, compared to the lowest values in the control treatment.

It has been reported solid extract of brown algae contains essential elements, which can stimulate growth and yield of plants. Therefore, it can be used as an important source of organic fertilizer. This article reports several formulation of organic fertilizer on gworth and yield of rice plants. There were six formulations were tested, named with A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, and B3. Each formulation was different in content of solid extract of brown algae, chicken manure, rice husk and sawdust. The result shown that except plant other parameter, such as tiller number, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, penicle number, and grain weight, were affected by formulation of organic fertilizer. Formulation B3 containing only 5% solid extract of brown algae, increase growth and yield of rice plants. This suggests that the best formulation of organic fertilizer which can increase growth and yield of plants significantly should contain 5% solid extract of brown algae.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) quality and growth are affected by the foliar fertilization. Algae extract, glutamic acid, and vitamin B are known as foliar fertilizer but there is little information available about the best combinations of these materials for grapevine. Here, 2-year field study in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were conducted to study the influence of foliar applications of vitamin B, glutamic acid, and algae (Amphora ovalis) extract on Thompson Seedless grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) growth and yield. The growth, yield, and quality of grapevine were affected significantly (P < 0.05) by the different treatments. The foliar application of vitamin B, glutamic acid, and algae increased the pruning wood, total chlorophyll, leaf area, and fruit yield compared with the control. In addition, these treatments induced an increase in the concentrations of N, P, and K. The berries quality characteristics of the sprayed vines were significantly better than non-treated ones. Based on the obtained results, the foliar application of glutamic acid, vitamin B complex, and algae besides of their combinations has positive effects on the growth of grapevine plants and berry quality.

The present investigation was conducted to study the twenty-five tomato genotypes for growth, yield and quality traits under north eastern dry zone of Karnataka during late-kharif season of 2022-23 and the experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The study revealed that, there was significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) observed for all the traits studied. The highest plant height was recorded in the genotype EC-157568 (166.48 cm), internodal length in EC-164677 (8.85 cm) and number of branches per plant in IC-249514 (18.68). The genotype EC-631361 was found to be early among all the genotypes under study by recording minimum 50 per cent flowering (20.33). The maximum number of flowers per cluster (7.85) and clusters per plant (17.79) were observed in the genotype EC-631409 and EC-688516, respectively. Significantly highest fruit length (58.37 mm), fruit girth (58.57 mm), average fruit weight (136.43 g), fruits per cluster (5.41) and fruits per plant (30.76) were recorded in the genotypes Baari, Akshaya, Arka Meghali, EC-631409 and EC-688516, respectively. Genotype EC-688516 recorded maximum fruit yield per plant (2.49 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (71.58 t). Maximum pericarp thickness (6.58 mm), TSS (6.73 0Brix) and titrable acidity (0.73%) was observed in the genotypes Arka Meghali, Arka Meghali and EC-688516, respectively.

Effect of Organic Fertilizer Concentrations Liquid (POC) on the Growth and Production of Cabbage Plants (Brassica olereacea L.) Supervised by Abdul Haris and Mahir S. Gani. The research aimed to measure the effect of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) concentration on the growth and production of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). The research was conducted on land owned by farmers in Buluballea hamlet, Pattapang Village, Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. the study took place from November to January 2020. This research was conducted in an experimental form based on a randomized block design (RAK), which consisted of three concentrations, namely: P1 at a concentration of 1.75 ltr / 15 ltr air, P2 at a concentration of 2.00 ltr / 15 ltr air, P3 at a concentration 2.25 liter / 15 liter of water in each treatment was repeated 3 times so that the experimental unit was obtained and each replication in each treatment consisted of 56 plants, taken as many as 36 samples, so that all plants in the three replications were 504 plants and 324 plants sampled. The results of this study indicate that concentrations of 2.00 ltr / 15 ltr of air and 2.25 ltr / 15 ltr of air have the best effect on the average height of leaf dimeter head and weight of fresh plants. Based on the research that has been done, it can be done to show that the concentration of 2.00 liter / 15 liter of water and 2.25 liter / 15 liter of water is the best response. Moreover, to determine the need for liquid organic fertilizer concentration with a higher concentration which will result in optimal concentration of growth and production of cabbage.

The Department of Horticulture at the Naini Agricultural Institute Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology &amp; Sciences, Prayagraj (UP) conducted an experiment in 2022 to investigate the "Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on growth, yield, and quality in cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L. Var. capitata)". There were ten treatments totaling various amounts of organic manure and bio-fertilizer, with water serving as the control. At 20, 40, and 60 days after transplantation, the treatment is sprayed. The plot size was kept at 2 m × 1.5 m, and each treatment was reproduced three times in a randomized block design. The best results were achieved with treatment T6 (Farm Yard Manure @20t/ha + Bio-Fertilizer (Azotobacter + PSB) each @5kg/ha). The maximum plant height (24.33 cm), the plant's spread (68.59), the number of leaves per plant (13.67), the average head weight (1.93 kg), the head's compactness (5.56 Kg/inch), the yield per plot (6.93 kg), the yield per hectare (71.60 t/ha), the TSS (5.9 Brix), and the amount of ascorbic acid per 100g.Under T6, the gross return (Rs 221430/ha), net profit (Rs 172530/ha), and B:C ratio (4.52) were all much greater. Overall results revealed that the application of FYM @20t/ha + Biofertilizer @5kg/ha proved to be better for different growth, yield and quality traits in cabbage.

Morphological diversity and correlation analysis of phenotypes and quality traits of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) core collections

Foliar nutrient application could be used to improve plant nutrition status and be the fastest way to compensate for nutrient and soil fertility deficiency. Productivity and quality of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. rubra) are affected by contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) which regulate enzymatic activity and enzymes mobilize carbon transformation into glucose. Use of red cabbage genotypes able to utilize nutrients efficiently is important in management of plant nutritional status. Five genotypes of red cabbage were chosen. The foliar spray rates, 0, 1, or 2 ml·L−1, of FoliartalⓇ were applied. The cv. Rio Grande treated with 2 ml∙L−1 FoliartalⓇ presented the most chlorophyll content (SPAD index = 68.73), highest leaf dry matter (17.82%), highest total soluble solids (9.55%), longest, widest and heaviest heads (35.83, 38.73 cm and 1.71 kg) respectively, most yield (71.45 t·ha−1) and highest head content of anthocyanin (611.52 mg/100 g). The cv. Mini plants given a 2 ml·L−1 FoliartalⓇ had the highest nitrate content in the head (57.12 mg·kg−1). The cv. Bordeaux treated with 2 mL∙L−1 FoliartalⓇ had the highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in heads (1.72, 0.59 and 4.56%), respectively. Foliar application of FoliartalⓇ, regardless of cultivar, improved vegetative growth, productivity and quality traits of red cabbage under field conditions.

The experiment was carried out at the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape / College of Agriculture / Tikrit University, during the agricultural season 2022-202, to study the effect of sowing date on the growth and yield of three cultivars of kale. The experiment consisted two factors. The first factor included two sowing dates viz, 15/9/2021 and 1/10/2021, while second factors included three cultivars of kale namely: NeroDiTosccana, Tronchuda and Red Ursa. The experiment was laid out according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a split plot system With three replicares.&#x0D; The results showed that, the sowing date 1/10 had highest values in percentage of germination and germination speed, while sowing date 1/10 recorded highest values in plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, plant yield and total yield 44.87 cm, 28.62 mm, 2267.5 cm2 plant-1, 529.65 g plant-1 and 17.71 tons ha-1, respectively. Meanwhile, Nero Di Tosccana cultivar gave significant increment in percentage of germination and plant height, whereas Red Ursa cultivar increased significantly in stem diameter, leaf area, plant yield and total yield 31.03 mm, 1716.9 cm2 plant-1, 446.99 g plant-1 and 14.99 ton ha-1 respectively. On the other hand, the interaction treatment between sowing date 15/9 and Nero Di Tosccana cultivar had highest values in percentage of germination and plant height. Whereas, sowing date 1/10 and Red Ursa cultivar recorded highest value in germination speed. But, sowing date 15/9 with Red Ursa cultivar gave significant increment in stem diameter, plant yield and total yield. While, the interaction treatment between sowing date 15/9 and Tronchuda cultivar increased significantly in leaf area.

Research on the effect of doses of cattle biourine on plant N levels and growth of cabbage (Brassica oleraceae, L) in lowland Ultisol was carried out by Desa Bakti in Marga Sakti Sebelat District, North Bengkulu Regency in October 2019 to January 2020. This study aimed to determine the dosage of cattle biourine optimal for N levels and cabbage growth in lowland ultisols. This study used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) of one factor consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications, with the treatment dose 0 L ha-1, 1500 L ha-1, 3000 L ha-1, and 4500 L ha-1. Observation data were analyzed by Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at ? level of 5% with the Orthogonal Polynomial Test. The results of the study showed that the optimum dosage was not obtained on the variable N levels of plants and soil pH, but had a very significant effect on both of these variables. The optimum dosage obtained on the variable growth and yield of plants includes the optimum dose of 2250 L ha-1 biourine producing an average plant height of 36.14 cm age 45 dap, the optimum dose of 2200 L ha-1 of biourine produces an average plant height of 37.87 cm age 60 dap, optimum dose of biourine 1250 L ha-1 produces an average biomass fresh weigh 1.33 kg, the optimum dose of biourine 1666.67 L ha-1 produces an average head weight of 0.83 kg, and optimum dose of biourine 2000 L ha-1 produces average head diameter of 15.36 cm.

Genetic correlation was employed to study heritable covariation among sixteen growth and quality traits in a progeny trial of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Phenotypic correlations and heritability values for each trait were also presented. The expected correlated response of the quality traits to mass selection for a single growth trait was studied on the basis of these parameters. Generally, tree height was found to be more closely related to stem quality than diameter or volume. The correlations between growth traits and relative branch and crown traits were mainly favourable with regard to breeding. The heritability values were moderate and relatively similar for both quality and growth traits. Genetic and phenotypic correlations appeared to be considerably analogous, especially when the latter were computed on the family‐mean level.