Abstract
Integrating alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with corn (Zea mays L.) for grain will increase biodiversity, reduce the negative environmental impact of corn monoculture and increase farm profitability. The objectives of this research were to evaluate forage productivity and nutritive value, along with stand establishment of alfalfa in a corn grain system in Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates at each site. Treatments included were: sole corn (i.e., check; T1), sole alfalfa (T2), alfalfa intercropped into corn (T3), a prohexadione-treated alfalfa intercropped with corn (T4), and a spring-seeded alfalfa in the year after intercropping (T5), which was planted in plots with T1 the previous year. All sites had below normal rainfall in 2016 and 2017. Corn grain yield was significantly lower when intercropped with alfalfa (T3 and T4) compared with the check corn crop (no alfalfa, T1). Corn grain yield reduction ranged from 14.0% to 18.8% compared with the check (T1). Corn biomass yield was reduced by intercropped alfalfa (T3 and T4) by 15.9% to 25.8%. In the seeding year, alfalfa seasonal forage yield was significantly greater when corn competition was absent in all environments. The intercropped alfalfa from the previous season (T3 and T4) had almost double the forage yield than the alfalfa in the seeding year (spring-seeded alfalfa; T5). In the second production year, there were no meaningful forage yield differences (p > 0.05) across all treatments, indicating alfalfa in intercropping systems does not affect forage yield past the first production year. Prohexadione-calcium, a growth regulator, did not affect alfalfa stand density, forage yield and nutritive value. The forage nutritive value was dependent on harvest date not the alfalfa intercropping treatments. Results of our study suggest that establishing alfalfa with corn is feasible and can be a potential alternative for the upper Midwest region. However, when under drought conditions, this system might be less resilient since competition between alfalfa and corn for soil moisture will be intensified under drought or moisture-limited conditions, and this will likely depress corn grain yield. Research targeted to reintroduce perennial crops into the current dominant corn–soybean systems in the US Corn Belt is urgently needed to improve stability and resiliency of production systems.
Highlights
Introduction conditions of the Creative CommonsThe removal of perennial crops in the crop rotations by anthropogenic and climatic factors in the Corn Belt region in the USA has resulted in reduced biodiversity, increased soil and nutrients losses, and reduced water quality [1,2,3]
Corn grain yield was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) when intercropped with alfalfa (T3 and T4) in Iowa and North Dakota compared with the check corn crop
Grain yield reduction ranged from 14.0% to 18.8% from the check
Summary
Introduction conditions of the Creative CommonsThe removal of perennial crops in the crop rotations by anthropogenic and climatic factors in the Corn Belt region in the USA has resulted in reduced biodiversity, increased soil and nutrients losses, and reduced water quality [1,2,3]. A more diverse, resilient and stable cropping system has the ability to persist over time with minimal variability in productivity over the years, even if subjected to disturbance or adverse conditions such as drought [3]. It is estimated that more diversified rotations, including alfalfa, can mitigate crop water stress and increase in soil organic carbon [7]. Perennial crops such as alfalfa reduce annual disturbance of soil, which affects many biogeochemical cycles that are key to provide resilience and stability to agroecosystems [3]. Alfalfa reduces nitrate leaching (which decreases water pollution), increases biodiversity, critical habitat for wildlife, and soil carbon sequestration [5,10,11]
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