Abstract
BackgroundAnemia is a common complication among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes in patients with CKD independent of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We assessed the association of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and eGFR with anemia in CKD patients.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using baseline data from the KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD). Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the independent association of albuminuria with anemia. Furthermore, odds ratios for anemia were calculated by cross-categorization of ACR and eGFR.ResultsAmong 1,456 patients, the mean age was 53.5 ± 12.4 years, and the mean eGFR and ACR were 51.9 ± 30.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and 853.2 ± 1,330.3 mg/g, respectively. Anemia was present in 644 patients (40.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that the odds ratio of anemia increased according to ACR levels, after adjusting for age, sex, eGFR, body mass index, pulse pressure, cause of CKD, use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents, serum calcium and ferritin (ACR < 30 mg/g as a reference group; 30–299 mg/g, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.88–2.33; ≥300 mg/g, adjusted OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.12–3.10). In addition, graded associations were observed in cross-categorized groups of a higher ACR and eGFR compared to the reference group with an ACR <30 mg/g and eGFR ≥60 mL/min per 1.73 m2.ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that albuminuria was a significant risk factor for anemia in CKD patients independent of the eGFR.
Highlights
The incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have rapidly increased worldwide, and CKD is recognized as a risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality [1]
Multivariate analysis showed that the odds ratio of anemia increased according to albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) levels, after adjusting for age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body mass index, pulse pressure, cause of CKD, use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents, serum calcium and ferritin (ACR < 30 mg/g as a reference group; 30–299 mg/g, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.88–2.33; 300 mg/g, adjusted OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.12–3.10)
The present study demonstrated that albuminuria was a significant risk factor for anemia in CKD patients independent of the eGFR
Summary
The incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have rapidly increased worldwide, and CKD is recognized as a risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality [1]. Anemia in CKD patients is largely due to a deficiency in renal production of erythropoietin (EPO), a deficiency of iron, folate or vitamin B12 can be another possible contributing factor. It remains unclear whether the main cause of anemia is a loss of EPO production capacity or a derangement in oxygen sensing [7]. Anemia is a common complication among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes in patients with CKD independent of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We assessed the association of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and eGFR with anemia in CKD patients
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