ALBUMIN AND TOTAL PROTEIN LEVELS IN DOGS WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS AFTER TREATMENT WITH COCONUT OIL AND DIPHENHYDRAMINE

Background: The circulating concentration of transport protein, traditionally albumin, has been used to define protein deficiency. However, few studies have been conducted to see if there is any correlation between serum total protein and albumin levels in children with PEM. Hence the study was planned to estimate serum total protein, serum albumin levels in children with PEM and healthy controls.Methods: All the children were divided in two groups. Case Group A consist of 250 children with protein energy malnutrition and control Group B consist of healthy 250 children. Venous blood of amount 3 ml was collected with full aseptic precautions. The blood was collected in the EDTA vacutainer and test tube. Serum total protein was estimated by Biuret method, serum albumin was estimated by Bromocresol green dye method (BCG dye).Results: When the mean serum levels of albumin levels and the total protein levels were measured in the controls as well as case groups, there was decrease in levels in case group as compared to control group. This difference of decrease when evaluated statistically it was found to be statistically significant. When the albumin/globulin ratio was calculated in both the groups, it was found to be statistically lower in case group as compared to control group. PEM children have low serum total protein and albumin levels as compared to healthy controls (p<0.001), this is probably due to decreased intake of proteins and reduced biosynthesis. PEM children have lower hemoglobin levels as compared to healthy controls; this is probably due to deficiency of iron and other micronutrients, which is often found in a child with malnutrition.Conclusions: Early diagnosis and prompt management of PEM and its complications can prevent development of permanent physical and mental retardation.

Background: The study's objective was to evaluate and compare total serum protein, serum albumin, and thyroid hormones in children with PEM (protein-energy malnutrition) and healthy controls. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 children with PEM served as cases, while an equal number of age and gender-matched healthy children served as controls. 4 ml of venous blood were taken (3 ml in a plain vial and 1 ml in an EDTA vial) and immediately submitted for further investigation. SPSS software (version 25) was used to analyze the data. A p value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: PEM children have lower serum total protein, albumin level, total T3 (TT3), and total T4 (TT4) levels compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001). Mean TSH levels in cases and controls were nearly similar. There was no significant difference between serum TSH concentrations in PEM children and the controls. Grade I PEM had the highest mean total protein, serum albumin, T3, and T4 levels, followed by grades II, III, and IV. When mean total protein, serum albumin, T3, and T4 levels of each grade of PEM were compared to controls, mean total protein, serum albumin, T3, and T4 levels were substantially lower in each grade of PEM (p<0.0001). Conclusions: PEM children have low serum total protein and albumin levels. This is probably due to decreased oral intake of proteins and reduced biosynthesis. Serum TT3 and TT4 levels are lower in children with PEM than in healthy controls, which is most likely due to reduction in circulating plasma proteins.

Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in preterm newborns. The severity and treatment of RDS affect the outcomes of premature neonates in neonatal intensive care units. Some studies have claimed that hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia are associated with poorer outcomes in preterm neonates. The current study aimed to assess the association of serum total protein and albumin with the presentation of RDS among this group of newborns.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on a total of 100 preterm newborns. The study population included a control group of healthy neonates (n=50) and case group of newborns diagnosed with RDS (n=50). For each neonate, a 2 ml sample of the arterial blood was taken from the umbilical artery, and laboratory indices, including total serum protein and albumin, were measured. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare potential variations between the samples of the healthy and RDS groups.Results: According to the obtained findings, no statistical difference was observed between the healthy and RDS preterm neonates regarding total protein (P=0.16) and serum albumin (P=0.27) levels. Total serum protein and albumin were not affected by the newborn’s birth weight and gender (P>0.05) among both the healthy preterm neonates and those with RDS. However, a significant association was observed regarding gestational age (P<0.05) for both the healthy and RDS neonates and maternal age for the healthy neonates only (P<0.05).Conclusion: No difference was observed in total serum protein and albumin levels between the healthy preterm neonates and those with RDS. Furthermore, total serum protein and albumin levels were not affected by gender, birth weight, and maternal age among the RDS patients. However, they were directly associated with the gestational age at the time of birth in both the RDS and healthy groups.

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) causes the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative damage and carcinogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the levels of biomarkers, such as glutathione (GSH) in the blood, as well as serum albumin and total protein levels in SLT users with oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. A cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted on 240 patients aged 30-60 years, divided into four groups with 60 patients in each group as follows: Group 1, control group, non-tobacco users; group 2, 60 subjects with a history of SLT use and no oral lesions; group 3, SLT users with precancerous oral lesions; and group 4, SLT users with cancerous lesions. GSH levels in the blood, serum albumin levels and total protein levels were evaluated in all groups. ANOVA and Tukey's test post hoc were used to compare the levels of the biomarkers in all groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the reliability of the biomarkers, and regression analysis was used to determine the associations between the variables. The use of SLT was predominantly observed in males. The mean GSH and serum albumin levels were lowest in group 4 and highest in the control group (P<0.001). The total serum protein levels were higher in group 4 than in group 3. On the whole, as demonstrated herein, GSH and serum albumin were reliable biomarkers, whereas total protein was a weak biomarker. GSH and serum albumin levels may thus be efficiently used for the early diagnosis and prognosis of oral malignancies in SLT users.

Angiotensin II may play an important role in the progression of renal disease. Currently, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists are commonly used for renoprotection. To our knowledge, there is no study investigating this effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonists in patients with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of losartan on proteinuria and renal function in patients with FSGS refractory to immunosuppressive treatment. Twenty-three normotensive patients with FSGS proven through renal biopsy were included in the study. Thirteen of them, five men and eight women, were given losartan in a dose of 50 mg day(-1) during 12 months, and 10, four men and six women, were in the control group. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), 24-h urine protein excretion, serum total protein and albumin levels were determined just before the start of treatment as well as after 1, 6 and 12 months of the study. In addition, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance (CrCl), cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined at the beginning and end of the study. Age, gender and baseline levels of proteinuria, serum albumin, total protein, creatinine, CrCl and MAPs were similar in the two groups. Nephrotic range of proteinuria was present in five of 13 patients (38.4%) in the losartan group and in four of 10 patients (40%) in the control group. In the losartan group, 24-h proteinuria had decreased from 3.6 +/- 0.5 g to 2.3 +/- 0.5 g after 1 month, to 2.4 +/- 0.7 g after 6 months and to 1.9 +/- 0.7 g after 12 months. In the control group, a significant increase in proteinuria compared with the baseline value was noticed after 12 months. Proteinuria levels were significantly higher in the control group than in the losartan group after 6 and 12 months. Whilst total protein and albumin levels increased in the losartan group, they did not change significantly in the control group. The total protein levels after 6 and 12 months, and albumin levels after 6 months were significantly higher in the losartan group than in the control group. No significant change was observed between the baseline and the 12-month creatinine and CrCl levels of the groups when intra- and inter-group comparisons were made. Furthermore, serum cholesterol levels of the losartan group were reduced significantly. The changes in MAP values did not reach significant levels in either of the groups. There was no correlation between the percentage changes in MAP and in proteinuria of the losartan group after 12 months. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists may be an alternative therapy in FSGS patients who are resistant to immunosuppressive therapy.

Assessment of glycated haemoglobin, total protein and albumin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus visiting NAUTH, Nnewi - IJPO- Print ISSN No: - 2394-6784 Online ISSN No:- 2394-6792 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijpo.2019.132, Indian Journal of Pathology and Oncology-Indian J Pathol Oncol

Introduction: Nutritional status during pregnancy is a determining factor for maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Protein is an essential nutrient for foetal development. If pregnancy is associated with an improper diet leading to protein deficiency, the prospects for maternal and foetal outcomes may be catastrophic. An electrophoretic study of serum protein patterns in pregnancy can help identify pregnancy-specific protein markers and facilitate the monitoring of feto-maternal health. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess serum protein levels and their fractions (albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, and gamma globulin) using gel electrophoresis in healthy pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medical Biochemistry in collaboration with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Sultania Zanana Hospital, associated with Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, between January 2021 and February 2021. Fifty normal non-pregnant women of childbearing age and 50 normal pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy attending an antenatal clinic were enrolled and followed-up through the second and third trimesters for investigations. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin levels were estimated using a fully automated chemistry analyser, and the electrophoretic patterns of serum protein fractions were analysed using an automated gel electrophoresis apparatus. EpiInfo statistical software was used for the statistical analysis of data, with p&lt;0.05 considered the statistical significance level. Results: The serum total protein level in non-pregnant women was 6.36±0.40 g/dL, while in pregnant women, it was 8.01±0.40 g/dL, 8.00±0.42 g/dL, and 6.36±0.43 g/dL in the first (T1), second (T2), and third (T3) trimesters, respectively. The serum albumin level was 3.90±0.30 g/dL in non-pregnant women, while in pregnant women it was 4.24±0.38 g/dL, 4.58±0.34 g/dL, and 3.87±0.36 g/dL in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The globulin level in non-pregnant women was 2.46±0.28 g/dL, while in T1, T2, and T3 it was 3.86±0.22 g/dL, 3.42±0.20 g/dL, and 2.49±0.24 g/dL, respectively. A significant difference was found among the groups for serum total protein, serum albumin, and serum globulin. In non-pregnant women, the protein fractions- albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, and gamma globulindid not show any deviation from normal levels. However, there was a decrease in albumin and beta globulin levels, along with an increase in alpha-2 globulin levels in the first trimester. An increase in beta globulin and a decrease in gamma globulin levels were observed in the second trimester. In the third trimester, all these fractions did not show any significant alterations, except for gamma globulin. Conclusion: Serum total protein, serum albumin, and serum globulin levels showed a significant difference. However, a slight increase in serum globulin levels compensated for the fall in albumin levels during pregnancy. Variations in the levels of beta globulin, alpha-2 globulin, and gamma globulin were observed during pregnancy, while, on the other hand, alpha-1 globulin did not show any alterations in pregnant women during the first, second, and third trimesters, although its level was higher in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the antioxidant effects boric acid and CoQ10 has on pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin induced rats. 32 wistar albino male rats were used in this study. The rats were categorised in four groups; a control group (only given normal saline), a bleomycin (BLM) group, a BLM + boric acid group, and a BLM + boric acid + CoQ10. The study period was adjusted to 30 days. Retinol, vitamin E, vitamin D, catalase, carbonic anhydrase, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, and total bilirubin levels were measured at the end of the study. There was a significant increase in the vitamin E levels of all groups (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant increase in the glucose level of all groups (P<0.001). There were significant decreases in albumin and total protein levels of all groups. While the significance level of the decrease in the albumin level was p<0.001, the significance level of the decrease in the total protein level was p<0.05. There was no significant difference in other biochemical parameters.

Although unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) are used as single plants to manage diabetes mellitus in Nigeria, the possibility of combining them in a typical diabetic diet and the glycemic response elicited as a result of such combination has not been investigated. To determine the effect of unripe plantain and ginger on serum total proteins, albumin, creatinine and urea levels of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Twenty four male albino rats were used and were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 (non-diabetic) received standard rat feeds; Group 2 (diabetic) received standard rat feeds; Group 3 received unripe plantain pellets and Group 4 received unripe plantain+ginger pellets. There were significant increases (P=0.045) of both serum urea and creatinine, but significant decreases (P=0.045) of both serum total protein and albumin levels, in Group 2 rats compared with Group 1. There were significant decreases (P=0.033) of both serum urea and creatinine levels of Group 3 and 4 rats compared with Group 2. In addition, there were significant increases of both serum total protein and albumin levels (P=0.033) in Group 3 rats compared with Group 2, but the comparison of serum total protein and albumin levels between Group 4 and Group 2 did not reach the significant level (P=0.056 and P=0.065 for serum total protein and albumin levels, respectively. Combination of unripe plantain and ginger at the ratio used in the management of renal dysfunction in diabetics was not very effective compared with unripe plantain alone.

Alteration in serum protein concentration is used commonly in clinical practice as a nonspecific indicator of underlying disease or to monitor disease activity. Although hypercortisolemia may affect protein metabolism directly or indirectly, data regarding alterations of levels of serum protein in a large series of patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) have been lacking. We have now evaluated, retrospectively, the levels of circulating serum albumin, globulins, total proteins, and the albumin to globulin ratio in 99 patients with endogenous CS before, immediately after, and 3, 6, and 12 months following successful treatment. Subjects with concomitant infections or other chronic diseases were excluded from the analysis. Although mean serum albumin and total protein levels were within the normal reference ranges, in general, they gradually increased after treatment with maximal values being reached at 12 months after normalization of hypercortisolemia (P < 0.0001 for both); there were no significant changes in serum globulin levels or in the albumin to globulin ratio. Patients with CS as a whole showed a weak but significant negative correlation between serum albumin and 0900 h cortisol level (r = -0.303; P = 0.0035). In conclusion, our data suggest that CS is associated with a small but significant reduction in circulating serum protein levels, which are restored following treatment of hypercortisolemia, although these changes occur within the reference range. Thus, extreme alterations in serum total protein or albumin levels in patients with CS should alert physicians to the presence of concomitant pathology, and additional specific investigation should be undertaken to elucidate the cause.

Background:The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) involves various mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, which are produced by immune cells, such as dendritic cells and lymphocytes, and non-immune cells, such as epidermal cells. Several mediators, including thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), are used as biomarkers for AD severity and activity. However, additional local and systemic biomarkers of AD are required.Methods:This study will include 10 male patients with AD and 5 healthy adult males (age range: 20–80 years). The Eczema Area and Severity Index will be used to objectively evaluate the clinical findings. In addition, the severity of eruptions will be assessed on a 5-point scale by scoring symptoms (erythema, edema/papules, oozing/crusting, excoriation, lichenification, and xerosis), and the total intensity will be calculated by adding the symptom scores together. Subjective symptoms will be assessed using a peak pruritus numerical rating scale. Laboratory tests, including measurements of peripheral eosinophil count and serum total immunoglobulin E, TARC, and lactate dehydrogenase levels, will be performed. Using blood samples and extracts of stratum corneum samples obtained by tape stripping, we will conduct an exploratory analysis of protein expression using an antibody array to identify mediators whose levels are significantly altered in patients with AD. After 4 to 8 weeks, blood samples and stratum corneum samples will be collected again from AD patients. Moreover, we will examine whether the candidate proteins can be quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Discussion:This is an important study exploring potential local and systemic biomarkers of AD. The results of this study will be clinically meaningful for the discovery of new biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the severity of AD.

Serum immunoglobulin levels during contraceptive use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate in Indian women: A preliminary study

Background: The complement system factors’ role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunological diseases is known, but the influence of autoantibodies against complement factors’ receptors on the course of specific glomerular diseases remains unclear. Methods: We measured the levels of anti-C3aR and anti-C5aR antibodies in patients with membranous nephropathy (n = 18), primary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (n = 25), lupus nephritis (LN) (n = 17), IgA nephropathy (n = 14), mesangial proliferative (non-IgA) glomerulonephritis (n = 6), c-ANCA (cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) vasculitis (n = 40), and p (perinuclear)-ANCA vasculitis (n = 16). These conditions were compared to a healthy control group (n = 22). Then, for up to two years, we tracked the patients’ clinical progress (in terms of creatinine, total protein, and albumin levels) and compared the outcomes with their antibody levels. Results: The lupus nephritis group had higher levels of anti-C3aR and anti-C5aR antibodies than the other groups. The lupus nephritis group’s anti-C3aR antibody level showed a negative correlation with albumin and total protein at several time points of observation. Additionally, at numerous observational points, the anti-C3aR antibody level showed a positive correlation with both the basic albumin level in the FSGS group and the total protein level. Conclusions: The anti-C3aR and anti-C5aR antibodies are higher in lupus nephritis patients compared to other glomerulonephritis patients and healthy individuals. Albumin and total protein levels appear to be correlated positively with anti-C3aR antibody levels in FSGS and negatively in lupus nephritis.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the combined as well as individual effects of a typical antipsychotic and thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor on albumin and total protein level with minimum and maximum dose comparison in rats.&#x0D; Methods: This study consisted of 100 albino rats of 300 to 340 g from both gender, there were 10 groups, each contained 10 rats (n=10). Rats were treated with defined dose of zuclopenthixol (Zuclo) and ozagrel (Ozg) for 21 days (3 weeks). Blood samples were collected at 0, 7th, 14th, and 21st days of study. Albumin and total protein level were examined from blood samples using standard laboratory procedure. Results are extracted by applying statistical analysis on data and comparing percentage variation from 0-day value.&#x0D; Results: A typical antipsychotic-treated group showed gradually significant increase in albumin and total protein level, TXA2 synthase inhibitor-treated group also showed significant gradually increase in albumin and total protein level in combination groups, they showed highly significant increase p&lt;0.001 in both parameter with maximum dose.&#x0D; Conclusion: Combination treatment with zuclopenthixol (Zuclo) and ozagrel (Ozg) can cause large increase on albumin and total protein level with maximum dose as compare to individual drug treatment.

Effect of Oxytocin Treatment on Asprosin Serum Level and Liver Function Changes in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes